EVERYTHING ELSE
Says it right here folks. This page will eventually feature Derivation, Locative Phrases, and myriad Syntax sections, but for now it's still under construction. If something's not here and wasn't clarified elsewhere, please leave a comment or send a message, it will be answered promptly and gratefully.
Derivational Morphology
Prefixes
prefix | meaning
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a· | collective prefix
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bjal· | intensive prefix (V > V)
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djé· | reciprocal marker (N, PrN > N, PrN)
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goi· | under, below
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ha· | location prefix (PrN > PrN)
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hoi· | paucative prefix (A, V > A, V)
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ju· | some of ~, denotes a portion of the root (N, PrN > N, PrN)
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kaf· | despicative (A, N > A, N)
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li· | denoting the front of an object (N > N)
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vaş· | away, back (V > V)
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zo· | any~ (N, PrN > N, PrN) |
Suffixes
suffix | meaning
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·(q)ats | to refuse to ~ (V > V)
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·aim | product of ~ (V > N)
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·aunu | physicality (V, A > N)
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·ein | agentive (V > N)
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·hé | target of ~ (V > N)
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·ir | act of ~ (V > N)
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·kjo | to use ~ (N > V)
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·le | augmentative (A, N > A, N)
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·li | tribal group or language variety (A, N > N)
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·llu | habits or paths trodden which characterize a noun (N > N)
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·lo | adjectivizer (V, N> A)
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·loi | reversal of meaning
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·molu | denotes a version of a noun considered lesser, with some significant part of it taken away; it is generally considered an insult when used with people without good reason.
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·no | region, '-land' (N > N)
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·njam | -ness (A, V > N)
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·ŋi | that which is ~ed (N, V > N)
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·ŋilu | the ~ profession (N, V > N)
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·ŋka | Abstractive. Frequently deletes final consonants when added. (V > V)
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| silo think +-ŋka > siloŋka create
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| ansar move + -ŋka > ansaŋka scatter
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·rak | iterative (V > V)
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·rou | location of action (V > N)
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·spi | diminutive (A, N > A, N)
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·su | result of ~ (V > N)
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·thu | ability to ~ (V > N)
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·ulla | that which ~s (V > N)
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·wa | denominative verbalizer (N > V)
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·y | nominal (borrowed from Ker, replacing the native form in -u still seen in -aunu and -su) (V, A > N) |
Adpositions
Herein lie explanations detailing the relations of both local and temporal caseforms with the adpositions which govern them. To help describe said relations, it is useful to employ the concept of
Head Orientation: this means the orientation of the direction, or flow, of the adposition with regards to the governed noun, ie
to the hill is oriented towards the hill,
away from the barrel is oriented away from the barrel, and
on the tree is unmarked.
Temporal relations are slightly different:
[we partied] up until midnight is oriented towards midnight as is its direction of flow, thus it takes the Terminative for
žaunu-é ro;
[we slept] until midnight is oriented towards midnight but its direction of flow is away from midnight, and thus takes the Egressive in
žaunu-o lis.
Head Orientation | unmarked | | oriented away from | | oriented towards
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static | Loc / Temp | | Abl / Egr | | All / Term
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| point | encompass | beginning | flow away from | flow towards | arrival at
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| at, in, against | all over | outside at, up against | behind, before | up towards, up until, over there at ~ | outside of, at/in ~[time period]
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in motion | Loc / Temp | | Abl / Egr | | All / Term
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| point | encompass | beginning | flow away from | flow towards | arrival at
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| between, during | over, across, over/for [time period] | out of, away from, since | backwards, back at | towards, until | up to, up at |
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A selection of postpositions is given here for further clarity:
head orientation | Unmarked | | Away from | | Towards
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| Loc/Temp | | Abl/Egr | | All/Term
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| point | encompass | beginning | flow away from | flow towards | arrive at
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static | muo in +loc | fe on/over +loc | šal up against+all | lis after +abl/egr | i over at +all | rin upon +all
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| during +temp | grai above +loc | lelo before +abl | či beyond/after +abl/egr | pu outside at +all | té under +all
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| šal against+loc | | ŋei before +egr |
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in motion | | hal all along +temp | hé out into +abl | zom back away +abl | ro into, inside +all,
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| | | | | up until +term
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| | | | | vé up to +term
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| | | | | hau up until +all
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Syntax
Suffix Quick Reference Table
Name | Suffix | Slot | Meaning
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Negative | ag-/au- | | Not
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Perfective | ja- | 1v | Action is completed
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Continuous | ora- | 1v | Action is happening
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Intentional | -na | 2v | Shows intent to cause the action
(requires the causative or dynamic)
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Abilitative | -of | 2v | Denotes that the subject can perform the action
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Desiderative | -i | 2v | to wish or want an action to happen
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Antipassive | -ér | 3v | detransitivizer, reduction in valency
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Dynamic | -(a)las | 3v | Increases the valency of the verb slightly, commonly
found with intransitives taking a phrasal object
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Causative | -č | 3v | produces the causative meaning of the verb
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Subordination | -ai | – | marks a verb as subordinated to that of the main clause;
frequently found with conjunctive subclauses,
rarely with relative subclauses. |
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| Personal | Endings | Tense | | Mood Clitics
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| Trans | Intrans | Nonpast | unmarked | Subjunctive | ém
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1 | -on | -je | Simple Past | -uo | Optative | ii
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2 | -ap | -an | Future | -é
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3 | -éq | -∅ |
Words!
Case usage
Dative
Dative of Resulting Action (Dative Absolute)
Multiple-Mood Conjunctions
huofo
'after, subsequent to, resulting from; since'
When meaning 'subsequent to' or 'resulting from <verb>',
huofo takes the indicative; when meaning 'since' and describing an action whose reality is under some question, it takes the subjunctive:
Načnačbut huofohuofoafter/since benorewuonbenore-uo-onlearn-past-1p.tr vajevajewhat-abs jabenorewon…ja-benore-onpfv-learn-1p.tr | | <insert subjunctive-using huofo clause here>
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'But resulting from having learned what I have learned…' | | 'insert translation of subjunctive-using huofo clause here'
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better 'But after I learned what I've learned…' | versus |
As can be seen from the slightly-differing translations of the indicative clause, there can be some shared ground of meaning between
huofo and the
Dative of Resulting Action (Dative Absolute).