Particles

Conjunctions

hav/ho introduces an subclause, a cross between when and that.

Dialectal(?): VERB-cond oy continuous marker

Prepositions

Locative prepositions

preposition	case governed	meaning	example
uyétze	+acc	across	uyetze lĕrehósah across the road
	+dat	through	uyetze noyáncu through the house
seaǧ	+gen	near	seaǧ cneknóvos near the cnákňa tree
ēfs	+dat	at, by (location)	ēfs noyáncu at the house
	+gen	in	ēfs ehátzas in the bread
	+acc	on	ēfs lĕrehósah on the road
en	+dat	with	en evešuy with freedom, by means of freedom
pije	+dat	with (comeraderie)	Muy pije ǧéyo we are with you.sg
		composed of	eróca pije ksóyešv 'the forest is made up of trees'
neš	+dat	without	<>
vrou	+gen	against	<>
	+acc	against (hostility)	<>
ňa	+gen	next to	ňa mhosúros beside the guard
	+dat	inside	ňa ozbíru inside the city
haše	+gen	until	haše rovošos ǧéyah imēyóvi Until (when) I/we see you
	+acc	after (pursuit)	<>
yei	+acc	up	yei palíyah up the fruit tree
tas	+gen	to	tas nĕňúndas to over there
	+acc	onto	tas tzayúvah onto the bridge
	+dat	into	tas noyáncu into the house
inas	+dat	under	inas ňorhu under the tree trunk
	+gen	down below	inas ňorkvus down below the tree trunk

Grammatical prepositions

preposition	case governed	meaning	example
éhez	+dat	for (benefactive)	ehez ǧéyo for (the benefit of) you

Interjections

Greetings

hello	víškay
goodbye	irášu
how are you	(Ǧi) uy šan?

Yes/No

no (statement is incorrect)	tao	yes (statement is correct)	ňe
no (generalized negative)	diye~deye	yes (generalized positive)	bayin~baye~beye
no sir (directed at superiors or those accorded high respect)	ívem	yes sir (directed at superiors or those accorded high respect)	ǰbeate
no you ingrate (despicative)	húza	yes you ingrate (despicative)	meš

Derivation

Nominal-creating suffixes
suffix	meaning
-a	animate augmentive (noun > noun, adjective > noun)
-essi	animate denominative (verb > noun)
-in	-ese, -ian (noun > adjective/noun)
-is	inanimate placename suffix (noun > noun)
-o	inanimate denominative (noun > noun, adjective > noun)
-ot	site of verbing (used of places, not items). Inanimate. (verb > noun)
-šu	inanimate abstraction suffix (noun > noun, adjective > noun, verb > noun)
-t	animate agentive (verb > noun)
-uht	inanimate abstraction suffix (noun > noun, adjective > noun, verb > noun)
-utze	-ene, -ese (adjective > noun, noun > noun)

Examples
Egzómpel? Uy rólaš egzómpel? Uy irǧúvah γomváyah tas horzúšah iláyov? Yaitzi, jlenírov móletsv.
Examples? What's an example? Is that like giving out a free sample? Good customer-getter, that.
N Interr N  ?  ?  indef_art sample free like give_out that  customer  good



Hóras, uy roš lufsah víyo fánov pencíyĕhn fencíyĕhn?
waitimper interr who thisaccsg 1sgdat say-inf serial.saypret.3 saypret.3

Wait, who told me it was example?

Ranĕš ēfs káfamn yáitzey pije
where at/by street.urchindat.sg that.onedat.sg prep.accompany
stzóriv yev yámĕhn???
small.feathered.maniraptorandat.sg def.artdat.sg have/exist-3pers

Where's that little rat with the hunting lizard that told me?

Writing

Origins

As far as can be determined, The Kanaši were the first people on Šaol to develop writing, and their system provided the seeds for all other writing systems seen today. The Magran of Xatsan, while they claim to be of a very ancient pedigree, deliberately do not use writing as humans do, limiting themselves to pictograms at the most for religiocultural reasons.
Having developed an initial logographic system, Tzuman is written in modern times with a complex abugida, in which vowels are written as modifications or diacratics on a base consonant/syllable symbol. Given the phonological changes in the language, such a change was necessary, as sound change had sundered the mnemonics of the logography. Certain logograms remain, as well as the 'syllabic' symbols, such as {img TURTLE} nXwXM (M in transcription represents an original m which can be interpreted as a different nasal) which take vowel (and some conjunct consonant) symbols and apply them internally rather than following the end consonant (as is the case with most cluster conjuncts); thus we come to the forms {img2 TURTLE} návam 'turtle', and {img3 TURTLE-REED} núyenc 'home' (-REED is the letter for c). This particular example also has a (usually) nonwritten internal sound, in origin *w, but having changed into v and y in the two words in question. It is possible to indicate the actual sound in this position by adding a further diacratic to the structure, {img4 TURTLE-v} or {img5 TURTLE-REED-y}, but this is not usually done as context and the further letters weed out most ambiguities.
While in most cases the Kanaši do use the vowel diacratics, in simple notes and other situations where speed is desired (and ambiguity will not run rampant) they can be dropped: {img3 TURTLE-REED} (literally nXwXMc) alone instead of {img5 TURTLE-REED-y} núyenc.

Conjuncts

Conjunct consonants are frequently encountered due to assimilations between differently-articulated sounds (See the Clusters section for more on how these are formed). They were originally written as separate symbols following the demise of the syllabary, with their original Old Tzuman vowels in place when the vowel diacritics were used, and this continued in official/high-literary situations for centuries; however, in less stringent locales, compromise and merged forms were created, and it is these which gave rise, during the orthographic reforms of 200-150ybp, to the modern conjuncts and ligatures, which are quite varied.

An innovation of Cenašene scribes which was widely adopted during the <Middle Times> was the distinguishing of ĕ from e by the addition of a perpendicular dash, which spread rapidly across the trade routes, replacing various local solutions (or a lack thereof) to the problem.

When newspapers came into being, there occurred a great standardization, and modification, of the alphabetic/abugidaic representation of Tzuman. Z came into being (a digraph of d and s which had been in use in Cenašene scribal tradition for <insert special z-word here>), ǰ was created by adding a bar on the left side of č, the strict writing of ē differently from ĕ came into being (doubling the curve of ĕ before the dash is written), and the vowel stress shift, which was previously never indicated in writing even when the fully vocalized forms were used, began being written commonly (though many official sources refused, some to this day, to go along with this).

In Modern Tzuman, the syllabics are still used, but in day to day use the abugida is much more common, and is the system which has been transmitted to most other languages. The Coastal lands are the main exception, having derived syllabaries from the Tzuman abugida, in opposition to the alphabetic forms in use along the Emanar Venoršanid and up into the Alasol and Rægil regions.