Notation
-+ adds a mora to the final syllable.
-& adds a mora to the first syllable. (not penultimate!)
-$ deletes a mora from the final syllable.
-% deletes a mora from the penultimate syllable.
-(%) deletes a mora from the penultimate syllable if the word has three or more syllables.
Nouns
Case
| VA SG | VA PL | CA SG | CA PL | V INAN | C INAN |
---|
NOM | -V | -i | -0 | -i | -V | -e/i |
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GEN | -(%)Vm | -(%)im | -(%)Vm | -(%)im | -(%)Vm | -(%)im |
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INS | -ya | -ib | -e | -ib | -ye | -ye |
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POS | -e | -i | -e | -i | -e | -e |
---|
PAR | -$shi | -$shi | -$shi | -$shi | -$shi | -$shi |
---|
I could probably rewrite the V/C thing with the new notation, but I won't yet.
Note that -y is not a consonant; it represents palatalization.
t d ts dz r l palatalize to
ch j ch j ry ly;
p b m become
psh bzh mn; and palatalization is lost everywhere else.
Derivation
-ra diminutive?
-ksi / -bzhi / -bzi neg/derog diminutive
-xal collective (sg)
-mbza- opt
Verbs
Person marking
Absolutive marking is suffixal and obligatory:
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|
Masc. | -%ts | -%m | -%s |
---|
Fem. | -$t | -$mi | -sh |
---|
Inan. | | | -0 |
---|
Topic marking is optional, and usually omitted when the topic is identical to the absolutive argument. All avocalic topic markers block -%, and all vocalic topic markers contain %-, which is blocked by -$ in suffixes: d-geli-%ts gives
dgelits, not
*dglits, and te%-geli-$t gives
tegelt, not
*teglt.
TODO WORK OUT FORMS FOR NON-CVCV VERBS
| | 1 | Non-1 |
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T | M | h- | t- |
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F | h- | b- |
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I | — | te- |
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S | M | m- | ma- |
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F | mi- | ma- |
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I | — | me- |
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L | M | t- | tu- |
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F | ts- | tsu- |
---|
I | — | chu- |
---|
N | M | n- | ru- |
---|
F | ndz- | ndzu- |
---|
I | — | nju- |
---|
h- aspirates a following plosive and devoices a following voiced fricative, and otherwise is realized as k-.
T, S, L refer to the shape/position of the topic. N is negative.
Imperatives: 2SG -0, 2PL -q.
Argument-changing
-:za promotes locative to absolutive.
Antipassive is
-y for verbs with a palatalizable non-nasal final consonant,
-i for verbs with another final consonant,
-hi for monosyllabic vowel-final verbs, and
-zhi for everything else.
Derivation