numbers:
bo one
mura two
pheda three
chre four
rgiza seven
xme ten
-g hundred
da BEN
mark oblique topic with zdura/zgura ( < -s tse/es gura, where gura = archaic word for 'look at' or sth)
Pronouns should be redone in accord with noun class system. For now:
zha tse
zhim es el/ezd
i che ryam
im esh eryem
Generic pronoun is du, presumably via d-lu, in accord with the Deghuri d- marker where Amqoli has b-.
demonstratives: bdza / blyu [this / that by you] / dzga / ju [this/that inan] / lqora / lqoru [that over by you]
sentence-initial (from topicalization) adverbs to mark time; verbs take the... some different form, one presumes
mezh = future
zha
zhu (something)
bzhu (question)
me toward
mera and so, because
sha and
zgu in, with
epenthetic consonant is -r-
-q-, -k- subord (k- before e i)
-lux- causative intentional
-mod- causative unintentional
-lVch(V)- benefactive
-ri- reflexive
-(y)a- habitual (-zha after vowels, -zha/-sha after peripheral consonants, -lya after sibilant + vowel)
-(y)a- 'to be an X'
-(a)q- 'to have (inalienable) an X'
-tu- thing that X
("thing that gets Xed" is ndraX-POS da khar; however, some words have fossilized passive nominalizer -xa, pl. -xe)
ndra- V > N "instance of this action"
kE- V > N abstract nominalizer
-$(d)Uri- result of Xing (fossilized, not productive)
-:za - push locative up to accusative (NB: : only lengthens back vowels here)
dza- - take up, start doing (fossilized)
han/ly- - ~direction marker 'up' / "completely X"
sE- - be able to (sr- before vowels)
-lyu / -pa - m / f human nominalizers
adverbs in -dryoba
-xal - collective
-kri - derogatory collective (khari)
-psh(e) - thoroughly, completely
-zhla ~diminutive?
Some imperfectives are derived from perfectives through vowel harmony: o u -> e yi.
v-anim c-anim v-inan c-inan
SG PL SG PL — —
NOM -V -i -0 -i -V -0
GEN -Vm -im -Vm -im -Vm -Vm
ACC -Vs -is -s -yu -Vs -s
INS -ya -ib -e -ib -ye -ye
PRE -e -i -e -i -e -e
PAR -shi -shi -shi -shi -shi -shi
mass nouns can only take PAR
TOP ABS
1 2/3 1 2 3
M T 0- t- -q -m -s
F T 0- b- -t -mi -sh
I T —- te- N/A -m -0
M S m- ma-
F S m(i)-ma-
I S —- me-
M L t- tu-
F L c- cu-
I L —- chu-
M N n- nu-
F N ndz- ndzu-
I N —- nju-
+ oblique topic marker -d-, -g- after coronals
-lya- through
at from to/toward
in ex Vmx sh(i)x
on h. et Vmt sh(i)t
on v. echa Vncha sh(i)cha
under edeq VndVq sh(i)d(i)q
at/near eri Vndri sh(i)ri
through elya Vma sh(i)la
bo one
mura two
pheda three
chre four
rgiza seven
xme ten
-g hundred
da BEN
mark oblique topic with zdura/zgura ( < -s tse/es gura, where gura = archaic word for 'look at' or sth)
Pronouns should be redone in accord with noun class system. For now:
zha tse
zhim es el/ezd
i che ryam
im esh eryem
Generic pronoun is du, presumably via d-lu, in accord with the Deghuri d- marker where Amqoli has b-.
demonstratives: bdza / blyu [this / that by you] / dzga / ju [this/that inan] / lqora / lqoru [that over by you]
sentence-initial (from topicalization) adverbs to mark time; verbs take the... some different form, one presumes
mezh = future
zha
zhu (something)
bzhu (question)
me toward
mera and so, because
sha and
zgu in, with
epenthetic consonant is -r-
-q-, -k- subord (k- before e i)
-lux- causative intentional
-mod- causative unintentional
-lVch(V)- benefactive
-ri- reflexive
-(y)a- habitual (-zha after vowels, -zha/-sha after peripheral consonants, -lya after sibilant + vowel)
-(y)a- 'to be an X'
-(a)q- 'to have (inalienable) an X'
-tu- thing that X
("thing that gets Xed" is ndraX-POS da khar; however, some words have fossilized passive nominalizer -xa, pl. -xe)
ndra- V > N "instance of this action"
kE- V > N abstract nominalizer
-$(d)Uri- result of Xing (fossilized, not productive)
-:za - push locative up to accusative (NB: : only lengthens back vowels here)
dza- - take up, start doing (fossilized)
han/ly- - ~direction marker 'up' / "completely X"
sE- - be able to (sr- before vowels)
-lyu / -pa - m / f human nominalizers
adverbs in -dryoba
-xal - collective
-kri - derogatory collective (khari)
-psh(e) - thoroughly, completely
-zhla ~diminutive?
Some imperfectives are derived from perfectives through vowel harmony: o u -> e yi.
v-anim c-anim v-inan c-inan
SG PL SG PL — —
NOM -V -i -0 -i -V -0
GEN -Vm -im -Vm -im -Vm -Vm
ACC -Vs -is -s -yu -Vs -s
INS -ya -ib -e -ib -ye -ye
PRE -e -i -e -i -e -e
PAR -shi -shi -shi -shi -shi -shi
mass nouns can only take PAR
TOP ABS
1 2/3 1 2 3
M T 0- t- -q -m -s
F T 0- b- -t -mi -sh
I T —- te- N/A -m -0
M S m- ma-
F S m(i)-ma-
I S —- me-
M L t- tu-
F L c- cu-
I L —- chu-
M N n- nu-
F N ndz- ndzu-
I N —- nju-
+ oblique topic marker -d-, -g- after coronals
-lya- through
at from to/toward
in ex Vmx sh(i)x
on h. et Vmt sh(i)t
on v. echa Vncha sh(i)cha
under edeq VndVq sh(i)d(i)q
at/near eri Vndri sh(i)ri
through elya Vma sh(i)la