The lexicon is here.
Nearly a year ago, I started work on Lusitanic, a third branch of Italo-Celtic that was my first serious foray into Indo-European conlanging. It was imperfect, but I'm rather proud of it: it had a lexicon of about 400 words, a host of sample sentences and a fleshed-out syntax section. However, a year later, I'm feeling the IE bug biting again, and I'm under the impression I could do better these days: I've been doing more reading and can now read some Greek and Sanskrit in addition to Latin.
At first I had planned to create a Satem language with a plosive shift, separate reflexes of *a and *o, a shift of *s to /h/ and a firmly Greek/Sanskrit-style grammatical groundplan. I worked on sound changes for a couple hours until it became evident that I had independently reimagined Armenian, at which point I scrapped the project. This project, Old Oxic, is in the same area (the Amur Darya river valley) and time span (the late Hellenistic period until the 6th century) as that project would have been, but, like Tocharian, is a Centum language that has found its way east. It has ended up looking very much like a Centum version of Persian, mainly, I think, because of the vowels; but the vowel system is common enough.
Starting with late-stage Indo-European, here is a short sketch of sound changes with illustrative examples. (I don't feel like there's too much need to use early-stage PIE as my starting point, since Old Oxic is similar enough to Greek or Sanskrit that it doesn't really need it.)
0. Laryngeal vocalization.
As in Graeco-Phrygian and Armenian, word-initial h₁ h₂ h₃ -> e a o if /#_C.
1. Centumization: Ḱ -> K. Resulting Kw -> Kʷ.
2. First Palatalization: k g gʰ -> ts dz dz /_[iey], except s_.
3. Initial semivowel loss:
y -> Ø / #_F (mostly e)
w -> Ø / #_B (mostly o; stays before a)
4. Loss of labiovelars and *w in clusters:
o -> u / Cw_, Kʷ_
followed quickly by
w -> Ø / C_ (except #s_)
Kʷ -> K
5. Nasal loss (with lengthening) before aspirates and /s/:
VnCʰ -> VːCʰ
Vns -> Vːs
6. Grassmann's law:
Cʰ...Cʰ -> C...Cʰ
7. Plosive shift (note the differences from Grimm's law or the Armenian consonant shift!):
Word-initially:
p t k -> ɸ θ h / #_
bʰ dʰ gʰ -> pʰ tʰ kʰ -> p t k / #_
b d g: no change word-initially.
Medially:
b d g -> w ð ɣ / except when preceded by a non-syllabic nasal.
bʰ dʰ gʰ -> b d g
p t k : no change medially.
sw -> ɸ / #_ also happens at about this stage.
8. Various resonant changes:
ṃ́ ṇ́ -> ám án (when stressed)
ṃ ṇ -> a (when unstressed)
mb nd ndz ng -> m n z ŋ
mp nt nts nk -> b d dz g
ṛ ṛ: -> ar ār
ḷ ḷ: -> al āl
9. y -> w / #_o, -> Ø / #_u
10. ɸ -> w /_[ie]
ɸ -> h / otherwise
11. short *a *o merger:
ŏ -> ă (including in diphthongs)
12. Changes in clusters with /s/:
sp st sk -> ps ts ks / medially
sp st sk -> p t k / initially
remaining #sC -> #asC
13. i-devocalization:
ĭ -> y /C_#
14. Vocalization of labials and velars:
K -> y /_C
P -> w /_C
15. /l/ loss:
l -> w / V_V
l -> y / C_
l -> r / _C, #_
16. Second palatalization:
k g -> y / V_C
t d s ts dz n r -> ts dz ʃ tʃ dʒ ɲ rʲ/ _y
k g ŋ-> t d ɲ/ _y
w -> y / _y
Then:
y -> Ø /C_
17. tʃ dʒ -> ʃ ʒ
18. rʲ -> ʐ -> ʒ
19. ʒ -> y /#_
ʒ -> ʃ /V_V (likely, this was a merger of ʃ -> ʒ which later devoiced in all environments)
20. Vowel shift:
Firstly, in stressed or unstressed posttonic syllables:
ā -> ɔ
ē -> ɛ
ī -> e
ō -> ɔ
ū -> o
a -> a
e -> ɛ
i -> i
u -> u
ai -> ɛ
ei -> i
aw -> o
ew -> u
āj -> e
ēj -> i
ōj -> o
āw -> ɔ
ēw -> o
ōw -> u
In unstressed pretonic syllables, vowels simply lost their length distinction (as well as *ĕ -> ɛ), with the second element of diphthongs disappearing (except that ā ō -> ɔ, not a or o).
21.
ɔ -> o /if stressed
ɔ -> ɒ /otherwise
ɛ -> e /if stressed
ɛ -> æ /otherwise
a -> ɒ / if stressed
a -> æ / otherwise
22. ɣ, y -> Ø /V_V; either w or y appears in their place depending on whether the preceding vowel was front (i e æ) or back (u o ɒ).
23. θ -> s
ð -> z -> r
24. dz -> z
ts -> s /_#
25. m -> n /_#
ŋ -> g
26. Stress shifts to penult.
The end phonology should look something like this:
Plosives: /p t k b d g/
Nasals: /m n ɲ/ <m n ñ>
Fricatives: /s z ʃ h/ <s z š h/
Approximants: /w r j/ < w r y>
Affricate: /ts/
Vowels: /i e æ u o ɒ/ <i e a u o ā>
I will soon be providing a link to a spreadsheet lexicon.
Nearly a year ago, I started work on Lusitanic, a third branch of Italo-Celtic that was my first serious foray into Indo-European conlanging. It was imperfect, but I'm rather proud of it: it had a lexicon of about 400 words, a host of sample sentences and a fleshed-out syntax section. However, a year later, I'm feeling the IE bug biting again, and I'm under the impression I could do better these days: I've been doing more reading and can now read some Greek and Sanskrit in addition to Latin.
At first I had planned to create a Satem language with a plosive shift, separate reflexes of *a and *o, a shift of *s to /h/ and a firmly Greek/Sanskrit-style grammatical groundplan. I worked on sound changes for a couple hours until it became evident that I had independently reimagined Armenian, at which point I scrapped the project. This project, Old Oxic, is in the same area (the Amur Darya river valley) and time span (the late Hellenistic period until the 6th century) as that project would have been, but, like Tocharian, is a Centum language that has found its way east. It has ended up looking very much like a Centum version of Persian, mainly, I think, because of the vowels; but the vowel system is common enough.
Starting with late-stage Indo-European, here is a short sketch of sound changes with illustrative examples. (I don't feel like there's too much need to use early-stage PIE as my starting point, since Old Oxic is similar enough to Greek or Sanskrit that it doesn't really need it.)
0. Laryngeal vocalization.
As in Graeco-Phrygian and Armenian, word-initial h₁ h₂ h₃ -> e a o if /#_C.
1. Centumization: Ḱ -> K. Resulting Kw -> Kʷ.
2. First Palatalization: k g gʰ -> ts dz dz /_[iey], except s_.
3. Initial semivowel loss:
y -> Ø / #_F (mostly e)
w -> Ø / #_B (mostly o; stays before a)
4. Loss of labiovelars and *w in clusters:
o -> u / Cw_, Kʷ_
followed quickly by
w -> Ø / C_ (except #s_)
Kʷ -> K
5. Nasal loss (with lengthening) before aspirates and /s/:
VnCʰ -> VːCʰ
Vns -> Vːs
6. Grassmann's law:
Cʰ...Cʰ -> C...Cʰ
7. Plosive shift (note the differences from Grimm's law or the Armenian consonant shift!):
Word-initially:
p t k -> ɸ θ h / #_
bʰ dʰ gʰ -> pʰ tʰ kʰ -> p t k / #_
b d g: no change word-initially.
Medially:
b d g -> w ð ɣ / except when preceded by a non-syllabic nasal.
bʰ dʰ gʰ -> b d g
p t k : no change medially.
sw -> ɸ / #_ also happens at about this stage.
8. Various resonant changes:
ṃ́ ṇ́ -> ám án (when stressed)
ṃ ṇ -> a (when unstressed)
mb nd ndz ng -> m n z ŋ
mp nt nts nk -> b d dz g
ṛ ṛ: -> ar ār
ḷ ḷ: -> al āl
9. y -> w / #_o, -> Ø / #_u
10. ɸ -> w /_[ie]
ɸ -> h / otherwise
11. short *a *o merger:
ŏ -> ă (including in diphthongs)
12. Changes in clusters with /s/:
sp st sk -> ps ts ks / medially
sp st sk -> p t k / initially
remaining #sC -> #asC
13. i-devocalization:
ĭ -> y /C_#
14. Vocalization of labials and velars:
K -> y /_C
P -> w /_C
15. /l/ loss:
l -> w / V_V
l -> y / C_
l -> r / _C, #_
16. Second palatalization:
k g -> y / V_C
t d s ts dz n r -> ts dz ʃ tʃ dʒ ɲ rʲ/ _y
k g ŋ-> t d ɲ/ _y
w -> y / _y
Then:
y -> Ø /C_
17. tʃ dʒ -> ʃ ʒ
18. rʲ -> ʐ -> ʒ
19. ʒ -> y /#_
ʒ -> ʃ /V_V (likely, this was a merger of ʃ -> ʒ which later devoiced in all environments)
20. Vowel shift:
Firstly, in stressed or unstressed posttonic syllables:
ā -> ɔ
ē -> ɛ
ī -> e
ō -> ɔ
ū -> o
a -> a
e -> ɛ
i -> i
u -> u
ai -> ɛ
ei -> i
aw -> o
ew -> u
āj -> e
ēj -> i
ōj -> o
āw -> ɔ
ēw -> o
ōw -> u
In unstressed pretonic syllables, vowels simply lost their length distinction (as well as *ĕ -> ɛ), with the second element of diphthongs disappearing (except that ā ō -> ɔ, not a or o).
21.
ɔ -> o /if stressed
ɔ -> ɒ /otherwise
ɛ -> e /if stressed
ɛ -> æ /otherwise
a -> ɒ / if stressed
a -> æ / otherwise
22. ɣ, y -> Ø /V_V; either w or y appears in their place depending on whether the preceding vowel was front (i e æ) or back (u o ɒ).
23. θ -> s
ð -> z -> r
24. dz -> z
ts -> s /_#
25. m -> n /_#
ŋ -> g
26. Stress shifts to penult.
The end phonology should look something like this:
Plosives: /p t k b d g/
Nasals: /m n ɲ/ <m n ñ>
Fricatives: /s z ʃ h/ <s z š h/
Approximants: /w r j/ < w r y>
Affricate: /ts/
Vowels: /i e æ u o ɒ/ <i e a u o ā>
I will soon be providing a link to a spreadsheet lexicon.