Sèćli Verbal Morphology
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Verbal morphology developed by a process of stress-reduction and analogy, combined with reduction of the verb agreement markers.

Coverbs



Coverbs are verbal elements that are used to modify another verb or subverb, to which they are prefixed. They do not specify any particular action in themselves. There may be more than one coverb modifying a verb or subverb, where the coverbs are ordered in increasing significance. However, there is usually just one coverb in a clause, only occasionally two, and much more rarely more than two. Coverbs cannot be used by themselves or in places where a normal verb is required, e.g. subverbs prefixed by coverbs must still in turn be prefixed by a verb stem composed of a main verb and zero or more subverbs. Note that coverbs typically go before incorporated nouns, which are treated as part of the verb itself.

Coverbs preceding main verbs modify the main verbs themselves, and in turn are modified by any following subverbs. Coverbs preceding subverbs specifically modify the subverb in question and not the main verb.

Manner adjectival verbs from verbs



Any imperfective verb can become intransitive simply by omitting any arguments other than the subject, and hence becomes equivalent to a manner adjectival verb automatically as long as arguments are omitted. However, perfective verbs cannot be used as manner adjectival verbs automatically unless the following ending:

dzo

is added, which results in a corresponding manner adjectival verb that is imperfective and intransitive.

Adjectival verbs from nouns



A noun can be converted into an adjectival verb indicating something with the quality of that noun with the following suffix attached to the fourth principal part:

ła

Verbs formed by this are imperfective.

Verbal format



Stem - Verb agreement/imperative mood - Non-imperative mood

Verb agreement



This developed first by omission of verb agreement markers that were not SAPs except a 3rd person subject with all other arguments also being 3rd person, combined with subsequent merger of adjacent verb agreement markers.

Secondarily, subjects which are relative or which are 2nd person singular imperative subjects are also omitted. If this results in no arguments being considered, verb agreement is omitted altogether.

1st person subject



Singular: de, Dual: dè, Plural: dî

2nd person subject



Singular: ne, Dual: nè, Plural: nî

3rd person subject, all other arguments are also 3rd person



Gender A


Singular: je, Dual: zå, Plural: ze

Gender B


Singular: ře, Dual: zie, Plural: zi

Gender C


Singular: řo, Dual: zuo, Plural: zu

1st person direct object



Singular: vi, Dual: vè, Plural: vî

2nd person direct object



Singular: le, Dual: lå, Plural: le

Reflexive direct object



Singular: ńe, Dual: ńè, Plural: ńî

1st person indirect object



Singular: dźî, Dual: dźè, Plural: gû

2nd person indirect object



Singular: jî, Dual: jè, Plural: ǧû

Reflexive indirect object



Singular: vî, Dual: vè, Plural: vû

1st person subject, 2nd person direct object



Singular: ća, Dual: ćè, Plural: ćê

(Number is for subject agreement.)

1st person subject, reflexive direct object



Singular: ća, Dual: ćè, Plural: ćê

(Number is for subject agreement.)

2nd person subject, 1st person direct object



Singular: nè, Dual: nè, Plural: nê

2nd person subject, reflexive direct object



Singular: ńè, Dual: ńè, Plural: ńê

(Number is for subject agreement.)

1st person subject, 2nd person indirect object



Singular: ta, Dual: cè, Plural: cê

(Number is for subject agreement.)

1st person subject, reflexive indirect object



Singular: ta, Dual: cè, Plural: cê

(Number is for subject agreement.)

2nd person subject, 1st person indirect object



Singular: nè, Dual: nè, Plural: nê

(Number is for subject agreement.)

2nd person subject, reflexive indirect object



Singular: nè, Dual: nè, Plural: nê

(Number is for subject agreement.)

1st person direct object, 2nd person indirect object



Singular: dźê, Dual: dźè, Plural: gô

(Number is for indirect object agreement.)

1st person direct object, reflexive indirect object



Singular: vê, Dual: vè, Plural: vô

(Number is for indirect object agreement.)

2nd person direct object, 1st person indirect object



Singular: ćê, Dual: ćè, Plural: ćô

(Number is for indirect object agreement.)

2nd person direct object, reflexive indirect object



Singular: vê, Dual: vè, Plural: vô

(Number is for indirect object agreement.)

Reflexive direct object, 1st person indirect object



Singular: ćê, Dual: ćè, Plural: ćô

(Number is for indirect object agreement.)

Reflexive direct object, 2nd person indirect object



Singular: dźê, Dual: dźè, Plural: dźô

(Number is for indirect object agreement.)

1st person subject, 2nd person direct object, reflexive indirect object



Singular: ve, Dual: vè, Plural: vî

(Number is for subject agreement.)

2nd person subject, 1st person direct object, reflexive indirect object



Singular: ve, Dual: vè, Plural: vî

(Number is for subject agreement.)

1st person subject, reflexive direct object, 2nd person indirect object



Singular: dźe, Dual: dźè, Plural: dźî

(Number is for subject agreement.)

2nd person subject, reflexive direct object, 1st person indirect object



Singular: će, Dual: ćè, Plural: ćî

(Number is for subject agreement.)

1st person imperative subject



Dual: mè, Plural: mi

2nd person imperative subject



Dual: ǧå, Plural: je

1st person imperative subject, 2nd person direct object



Dual: mè, Plural: mi

(Number is for subject agreement.)

1st person imperative subject, reflexive direct object



Dual: mè, Plural: mi

(Number is for subject agreement.)

1st person imperative subject, 2nd person indirect object



Dual: mè, Plural: mi

(Number is for subject agreement.)

1st person imperative subject, reflexive indirect object



Dual: mè, Plural: mi

(Number is for subject agreement.)

2nd person imperative subject, 1st person direct object



Dual: gå, Plural: dźè

(Number is for subject agreement.)

2nd person imperative subject, reflexive direct object



Dual: dźå, Plural: dźè

(Number is for subject agreement.)

2nd person imperative subject, 1st person indirect object



Dual: gå, Plural: dźè

(Number is for subject agreement.)

2nd person imperative subject, reflexive indirect object



Dual: gå, Plural: dźè

(Number is for subject agreement.)

1st person imperative subject, 2nd person direct object, reflexive indirect objectt



Dual: vè, Plural: vi

(Number is for subject agreement.)

1st person imperative subject, reflexive direct object, 2nd person indirect object



Dual: dźè, Plural: dźi

(Number is for subject agreement.)

2nd person imperative subject, 1st person direct object, reflexive indirect object



Dual: vå, Plural: ve

(Number is for subject agreement.)

2nd person imperative subject, reflexive direct object, 1st person indirect object



Dual: ćå, Plural: će

(Number is for subject agreement.)

Perfectivity



Perfectvity is inherent in an individual verb, and auxiliaries must be used to modify perfectivity.

Mood



Indicative



A nominative agreement marker is present, and no other mood-specific markers.

Imperative



The imperative is marked with the verb agreement marker. In the dual and plural 1st and 2nd persons special forms are provided for it; for the singular 2nd person it is marked just by not providing any agreement with the subject (and no agreement marker at all if no other 1st or reflexive persons are present).

Subjunctive





Optative



ma

Agent nouns from verbs



A verb can be converted to a noun that marks its agent with this suffix placed after its perfective stem (and any causative marker, which may be used):

min / miń / min / mine / mine / mine

This can be used with adjectival verbs, to create nouns that are what those verbs specify, and with causatives of adjectival nouns, to create nouns that make something else be what those verbs specify.

Nouns formed by this take gender C.

Patient nouns from verbs



jet / jec / jet / jece / jece / jece

Nouns formed by this take gender B.

Implements employed for verbs



ven / veń / ven / vene / vene / vene

Nouns formed by this take gender B.

Characteristic locations of verbs



juk / juć / juk / juke / juke / juke

Nouns formed by this take gender A.

Characteristic substances, items involved in verbs



źeg / źedź / źeg / źedźe / źedźe / źedźe

Nouns formed by this take gender A.

Result nouns from verbs



Noun indicating the result of an action:

nes / nes / nes / nese / nese / nese

Nouns formed by this take gender B.

Abstract nouns from verbs



Noun indicating an action in abstract:

let / lec / let / leci / leci / leci

or:

zeh / ześ / zeh / zehe / zehe / zehe

Nouns formed by this take gender C.

Instance nouns from verbs



meg / medź / meg / mege / mege / mege

or:

vek / već / vek / veće / veće / veće

Nouns formed by this take gender C.

Property nouns from adjectival verbs



tur / tuź / tur / tuźe / tuźe / tuźe

Nouns formed by this take gender C.

Adverbs from charcteristic manner of adjectival verbs



źi

Interrogative



The following clitic is placed after any imperfective marker or mood marker in the last clause in a sentence:

pa