Phonemes and Orthography
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Consonants



Short consonants are marked as:

/p pʼ b t tʼ d k kʼ ɡ q qʼ ʔ/<p p' b t t' d k k' g q q' '>
/ts tsʼ dz tʂ tʂʼ dʐ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ/<ts ts' dz tr tr' dr c c' j>
/ɸ β θ ð s z ɬ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ χ h/<f v th dh s z lh sr zr ch jh kh gh qh h>
/m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/<m n nr ny ng>
/r l ʎ/<r l ly>
/w j/<w y>


Long consonants are marked as:

/pː pʼː bː tː tʼː dː kː kʼː ɡː qː qʼː/<pp pp' bb tt tt' dd kk kk' gg qq qq'>
/tsː tsʼː dzː tʂː tʂʼː dʐː tɕː tɕʼː dʑː/<tts tts' ddz ttr ttr' ddr cc cc' jj>
/ɸː βː θː ðː sː zː ɬː ʂː ʐː ɕː ʑː xː ɣː χː hː/<ff vv tth ddh ss zz llh ssr zzr cch jjh kkh ggh qqh hh>
/mː nː ɳː ɲː ŋː/<mm nn nnr nny nng>
/rː lː ʎː/<rr ll lly>
/wː jː/<ww yy>


Vowels



/i u/<i u>
/e o/<e o>
/æ ɒ/<a â>


Long vowels are marked with doubling.