Adjectival Morphology
Anthologica Universe Atlas / Universes / Butani / Kotic / Archaic Kotic / Adjectival Morphology

Development



The following affixes were attached to adjectives:

Feminine-i
Neuter-a
Dual-to
Plural-'a
Comparativeya-
Superlative'a-
Active present participleha-
Antpassive present participlekwa-
Active past participleja-
Antipassive past participlera-


The vowel in /tja/- comes to agree in quality with the following vowel.

The vowel in /gʔa/- comes to agree in quality with the following vowel.

The vowel in /ha/- comes to agree in quality with the following vowel.

The vowel in /kwa/- comes to agree in quality with the following vowel.

The vowel in /dʑa/- comes to agree in quality with the following vowel.

The vowel in /ra/- comes to agree in quality with the following vowel.

The ending /i/ is reduced to palatalization of the preceding consonant. When this would result in CCC, a short vowel is inserted in its place that takes the quality of the preceding vowel. (However, when after /r/ and before a vowel, it becomes /j/ instead.)

The /t/ in the ending -/to/ is reduced to gemination of the preceding consonant when adjacent to a consonant.

When vowel syllables are reduced, long vowels are turned into short vowels and short vowels are eliminated in unstressed syllables, except if it would result in CCC arising, where then the short vowel is replaced by the preceding or, if not available, following vowel's quality. Final vowels are not elided except for /i/.

The vowel in /jV/- in /tjV/- is elided unless it would result in no vowels being present, where then it undergoes metathesis with the following consonant. Then the /j/ is elided, palatalizing the following consonant in the process.

/ʔV/- in /gʔV/- undergoes metathesis with the following consonant, resulting in g-C-'-V; if this would result in two adjacent vowels the vowels become a long vowel.. Then the /ʔ/ is elided, ejectifying the preceding consonant in the process.

The /wV/- in /kwV/- undergoes metathesis with the following consonant, resulting in k-C-w-V; if this would result in two adjacent vowels the vowels become a long vowel. The /w/ is then lost, backing the following vowel. An epethetic short vowel is then inserted between the /k/ and the following consonant, agreeing in quality with the following now-backed vowel.

The /rV/- undergoes metathesis with the following consonant, resulting C-r-V; if this would result in two adjacent vowels the vowel become a long vowel. The /r/ is then lost, resulting in retroflexion of the now-preceding consonant.

When CCC is present, otherwise they are broken up by inserting a short vowel taking the quality of the preceding or, if not available, following vowel, with long vowels being preferably broken up, and otherwise the short vowel being inserted on the side further away from the edge of the word.

Word-initial and word-final CC is split into CVC where the vowel is a short vowel taking the quality of the following (or if there is not, preceding) vowel. When Cː is an ejective geminate, only the first becomes ejective while the second is de-ejectified.

When final CC occurs, /ɒ/ is appended after it.

Masculine singular positive



CVC > C1V1C2
CVCC > C1V1C2C3-â
CCVC > C1C2V1C3
CVCVC > C1V1C2C3-â

Feminine singular positive



CVC > C1V1C2y
CVCC > C1V1C2C3y-â
CCVC > C1C2V1C3y
CVCVC > C1V1C2C3y-â

Neuter singular positive



CVC > C1V1C2-a
CVCC > C1V1C2C3-a
CCVC > C1C2V1C3-a
CVCVC > C1V1C2C3-a

Masculine dual positive



CVC > C1V1C2l-o
CVCC > C1V1C2V1sC3l-o
CCVC > C1C2V1C3l-o
CVCVC > C1V1C2V1sC3l-o

Feminine dual positive



CVC > C1V1C2yl-o
CVCC > C1V1C2V1sC3yl-o
CCVC > C1C2V1C3yl-o
CVCVC > C1V1C2V1sC3yl-o

Neuter dual positive



CVC > C1V1C2l-o
CVCC > C1V1C2V1sC3l-o
CCVC > C1C2V1C3l-o
CVCVC > C1V1C2C3-ato

Masculine plural positive



CVC > C1V1C2e-a
CVCC > C1V1C2C3e-a
CCVC > C1C2V1C3e-a
CVCVC > C1V1C2C3e-a

Feminine plural positive



CVC > C1V1C2ye-a
CVCC > C1V1C2C3ye-a
CCVC > C1C2V1C3ye-a
CVCVC > C1V1C2C3ye-a

Neuter plural positive



CVC > C1V1C2e-a
CVCC > C1V1C2C3e-a
CCVC > C1C2V1C3e-a
CVCVC > C1V1C2C3e-a

Masculine singular comparative



CVC > t-C1yV1sC2
CVCC > t-C1yV1sC2C3-â
CCVC > t-C1yC2V1sC3-â
CVCVC > t-C1yC2V2C3

Feminine singular comparative



CVC > t-C1yV1sC2
CVCC > t-C1yV1sC2C3y-â
CCVC > t-C1yC2V1sC3y-â
CVCVC > t-C1yC2V2C3y

Neuter singular comparative



CVC > t-C1yV1sC2-a
CVCC > t-C1yV1sC2C3-a
CCVC > t-C1yC2V1sC3-a
CVCVC > t-C1yC2V2C3-a

Masculine dual comparative



CVC > t-C1yV1sC2l-o
CVCC > t-C1yV1sC2V1sC3l-o
CCVC > t-C1yC2V1sC3l-o
CVCVC > t-C1yC2V2C3l-o

Feminine dual comparative



CVC > t-C1yV1sC2yl-o
CVCC > t-C1yV1sC2V1sC3yl-o
CCVC > t-C1yC2V1sC3yl-o
CVCVC > t-C1yC2V2C3yl-to

Neuter dual comparative



CVC > t-C1yV1sC2-ato
CVCC > t-C1yV1sC2C3-ato
CCVC > t-C1yC2V1sC3-ato
CVCVC > t-C1yC2V2C3l-o

Masculine plural comparative



CVC > t-C1yV1sC2e-a
CVCC > t-C1yV1sC2C3e-a
CCVC > t-C1yC2V1sC3e-a
CVCVC > t-C1yC2V2C3e-a

Feminine plural comparative



CVC > t-C1yV1sC2ye-a
CVCC > t-C1yV1sC2C3ye-a
CCVC > t-C1yC2V1sC3ye-a
CVCVC > t-C1yC2V2C3ye-a

Neuter plural comparative



CVC > t-C1yV1sC2e-a
CVCC > t-C1yV1sC2C3e-a
CCVC > t-C1yC2V1sC3e-a
CVCVC > t-C1yC2V2C3e-a

Masculine singular superlative



CVC > g-C1eV1lC2
CVCC > g-C1eV1lC2C3-â
CCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V1sC3-â
CVCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V2C3

Feminine singular superlative



CVC > g-C1eV1lC2y
CVCC > g-C1eV1lC2C3y-â
CCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V1sC3y-â
CVCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V2C3y

Neuter singular superlative



CVC > g-C1eV1lC2-a
CVCC > g-C1eV1lC2C3-a
CCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V1sC3-a
CVCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V2C3-a

Masculine dual superlative



CVC > g-C1eV1lC2l-o
CVCC > g-C1eV1lC2V1sC3l-o
CCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V1sC3l-o
CVCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V2C3l-o

Feminine dual superlative



CVC > g-C1eV1lC2yl-o
CVCC > g-C1eV1lC2V1sC3yl-o
CCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V1sC3yl-o
CVCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V2C3yl-o

Neuter dual superlative



CVC > g-C1eV1lC2-ato
CVCC > g-C1eV1lC2C3-ato
CCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V1sC3-ato
CVCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V2C3l-o

Masculine plural superlative



CVC > g-C1eV1lC2-a
CVCC > g-C1eV1lC2C3-a
CCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V1sC3-a
CVCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V2C3-a

Feminine plural superlative



CVC > g-C1eV1lC2y-a
CVCC > g-C1eV1lC2C3y-a
CCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V1sC3y-a
CVCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V2C3y-a

Neuter plural superlative



CVC > g-C1eV1lC2-a
CVCC > g-C1eV1lC2C3-a
CCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V1sC3-a
CVCVC > g-C1eV1sC2V2C3-a

Masculine singular active present participle



CVC > h-V1sC1C2-â
CVCC > h-V1sC1V1sC2C3-â
CCVC > h-V1sC1C2V1sC3
CVCVC > h-V1sC1C2V2C3

Feminine singular active present participle



CVC > h-V1sC1C2y-â
CVCC > h-V1sC1V1sC2C3y-â
CCVC > h-V1sC1C2V1sC3y
CVCVC > h-V1sC1C2V2C3y

Neuter singular active present participle



CVC > h-V1sC1C2-a
CVCC > h-V1sC1V1sC2C3-a
CCVC > h-V1sC1C2V1sC3-a
CVCVC > h-V1sC1C2V2C3-a

Masculine dual active present participle



CVC > h-V1sC1V1sC2l-o
CVCC > h-V1sC1V1sC2V1sC3l-o
CCVC > h-V1sC1C2V1sC3l-o
CVCVC > h-V1sC1C2V2C3l-o

Feminine dual active present participle



CVC > h-V1sC1V1sC2yl-o
CVCC > h-V1sC1V1sC2V1sC3yl-o
CCVC > h-V1sC1C2V1sC3yl-o
CVCVC > h-V1sC1C2V2C3yl-o

Neuter dual active present participle



CVC > h-V1sC1C2-ato
CVCC > h-V1sC1V1sC2C3-ato
CCVC > h-V1sC1C2V1sC3-ato
CVCVC > h-V1sC1C2V2C3l-o

Masculine plural active present participle



CVC > h-V1sC1C2e-a
CVCC > h-V1sC1V1sC2C3e-a
CCVC > h-V1sC1C2V1sC3e-a
CVCVC > h-V1sC1C2V2C3e-a

Feminine plural active present participle



CVC > h-V1sC1C2ye-a
CVCC > h-V1sC1V1sC2C3ye-a
CCVC > h-V1sC1C2V1sC3ye-a
CVCVC > h-V1sC1C2V2C3ye-a

Neuter plural active present participle



CVC > h-V1sC1C2e-a
CVCC > h-V1sC1V1sC2C3e-a
CCVC > h-V1sC1C2V1sC3e-a
CVCVC > h-V1sC1C2V2C3e-a

Masculine singular antipassive present participle



CVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2-â
CVCC > k-V1bsC1V1blC2C3-â
CCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V1sC3
CVCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V2C3

Feminine singular antipassive present participle



CVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2y-â
CVCC > k-V1bsC1V1blC2C3y-â
CCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V1sC3y
CVCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V2C3y

Neuter singular antipassive present participle



CVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2-a
CVCC > k-V1bsC1V1blC2C3-a
CCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V1sC3-a
CVCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V2C3-a

Masculine dual antipassive present participle



CVC > k-V1bsC1V1blC2l-o
CVCC > k-V1bsC1V1blC2V1sC3l-o
CCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V1sC3l-o
CVCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V2C3l-o

Feminine dual antipassive present participle



CVC > k-V1bsC1V1blC2yl-o
CVCC > k-V1bsC1V1blC2V1sC3yl-o
CCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V1sC3yl-o
CVCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V2C3yl-o

Neuter dual antipassive present participle



CVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2-ato
CVCC > k-V1bsC1V1blC2C3-ato
CCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V1sC3-ato
CVCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V2C3l-o

Masculine plural antipassive present participle



CVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2e-a
CVCC > k-V1bsC1V1blC2C3e-a
CCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V1sC3e-a
CVCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V2C3e-a

Feminine plural antipassive present participle



CVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2ye-a
CVCC > k-V1bsC1V1blC2C3ye-a
CCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V1sC3ye-a
CVCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V2C3ye-a

Neuter plural antipassive present participle



CVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2e-a
CVCC > k-V1bsC1V1blC2C3e-a
CCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V1sC3e-a
CVCVC > k-V1bsC1V1bsC2V2C3e-a

Masculine singular active past participle



CVC > j-V1sC1C2-â
CVCC > j-V1sC1V1sC2C3-â
CCVC > j-V1sC1C2V1sC3
CVCVC > j-V1sC1C2V2C3

Feminine singular active past participle



CVC > j-V1sC1C2y-â
CVCC > j-V1sC1V1sC2C3y-â
CCVC > j-V1sC1C2V1sC3y
CVCVC > j-V1sC1C2V2C3y

Neuter singular active past participle



CVC > j-V1sC1C2-a
CVCC > j-V1sC1V1sC2C3-a
CCVC > j-V1sC1C2V1sC3-a
CVCVC > j-V1sC1C2V2C3-a

Masculine dual active past participle



CVC > j-V1sC1V1sC2l-o
CVCC > j-V1sC1V1sC2V1sC3l-o
CCVC > j-V1sC1C2V1sC3l-o
CVCVC > j-V1sC1C2V2C3l-o

Feminine dual active past participle



CVC > j-V1sC1V1sC2yl-o
CVCC > j-V1sC1V1sC2V1sC3yl-o
CCVC > j-V1sC1C2V1sC3yl-o
CVCVC > j-V1sC1C2V2C3yl-o

Neuter dual active past participle



CVC > j-V1sC1C2-ato
CVCC > j-V1sC1V1sC2C3-ato
CCVC > j-V1sC1C2V1sC3-ato
CVCVC > j-V1sC1C2V2C3l-o

Masculine plural active past participle



CVC > j-V1sC1C2e-a
CVCC > j-V1sC1V1sC2C3e-a
CCVC > j-V1sC1C2V1sC3e-a
CVCVC > j-V1sC1C2V2C3e-a

Feminine plural active past participle



CVC > j-V1sC1C2ye-a
CVCC > j-V1sC1V1sC2C3ye-a
CCVC > j-V1sC1C2V1sC3ye-a
CVCVC > j-V1sC1C2V2C3ye-a

Neuter plural active past participle



CVC > j-V1sC1C2e-a
CVCC > j-V1sC1V1sC2C3e-a
CCVC > j-V1sC1C2V1sC3e-a
CVCVC > j-V1sC1C2V2C3e-a

Masculine singular antipassive past participle



CVC > C1rV1sC2
CVCC > C1rV1lC2C3-â
CCVC > C1rV1sC2V1sC3
CVCVC > C1rV1sC2V2C3

Feminine singular antipassive past participle



CVC > C1rV1sC2y
CVCC > C1rV1lC2C3y-â
CCVC > C1rV1sC2V1sC3y
CVCVC > C1rV1sC2V2C3y

Neuter singular antipassive past participle



CVC > C1rV1sC2-a
CVCC > C1rV1lC2C3-a
CCVC > C1rV1sC2V1sC3-a
CVCVC > C1rV1sC2V2C3-a

Masculine dual antipassive past participle



CVC > C1rV1lC2l-o
CVCC > C1rV1lC2V1sC3l-o
CCVC > C1rV1sC2V1sC3l-o
CVCVC > C1rV1sC2V2C3l-o

Feminine dual antipassive past participle



CVC > C1rV1lC2yl-o
CVCC > C1rV1lC2V1sC3yl-o
CCVC > C1rV1sC2V1sC3yl-o
CVCVC > C1rV1sC2V2C3yl-o

Neuter dual antipassive past participle



CVC > C1rV1sC2-ato
CVCC > C1rV1lC2C3-ato
CCVC > C1rV1sC2V1sC3-ato
CVCVC > C1rV1sC2V2C3l-o

Masculine plural antipassive past participle



CVC > C1rV1sC2e-a
CVCC > C1rV1lC2C3e-a
CCVC > C1rV1sC2V1sC3e-a
CVCVC > C1rV1sC2V2C3e-a

Feminine plural antipassive past participle



CVC > C1rV1sC2ye-a
CVCC > C1rV1lC2C3ye-a
CCVC > C1rV1sC2V1sC3ye-a
CVCVC > C1rV1sC2V2C3ye-a

Neuter plural antipassive past participle



CVC > C1rV1sC2e-a
CVCC > C1rV1lC2C3e-a
CCVC > C1rV1sC2V1sC3e-a
CVCVC > C1rV1sC2V2C3e-a