Nouns

Case

	SG	PL
ABS	-V	shan -e
ERG	-Vm	sham -e
INS	-i(v)	(sha)nav -e
LAT	-zha	shanj -e

Amqoli loans are pluralized with kri / krim / kriv / krizh and no -e.

Two sample declensions, vugon 'man' and oshruyira 'cigarette' (an Amqoli loan)

Nouns

Case

	SG	PL	SG	PL
ABS	vugon	shan vugne	oshruyira	kri oshruyira
ERG	vugom	sham vugne	oshruyiram	krim oshruyira
INS	vugni(v)	nav vugne	oshruyirani(v)	kriv oshruyira
LAT	vugonzha	shanj vugne	oshruyirazh	krizh oshruyira

The instrumental case has become conflated with the postpositional and locative cases: all three functions are served by the same case. Linking -v- is common here: zakhamiv agham takh qari "the woman eats soup with a spoon", but zakhami vugon ra takh qari "the man eats soup with a spoon". The instrumental is also used to mark possessed nouns: shan tikhe "some bowls of soup".

Nouns ending in -a have umlaut before mid-vowel endings: takh but tikhiv.

The ergative case is also used for adjectival derivations and postpositions expressing movement from.

Verbs

Definiteness

		1	Non-1
T	M	k(A)-	tA-
	F	kE-	vA-
	I	—	te-
S	M	m(A)-	mA-
	F	mE-	mA-
	I	—	me-
L	M	t(A)-	tO-
	F	tsE-	tsO-
	I	—	che-

Affix attached if I DON'T KNOW, TODO
A = a if there's a following nonhigh vowel, e if following /i/, o if following /u/
E = e if following nonhigh vowel, otherwise i
O = o if following nonhigh vowel, otherwise u

Absolutive agreement

	1	2	3
Masc.	-z	-m	-r
Fem.	-n	-mi	-y
Inan.			-0

NB: word-final voiced fricatives + affricates after stress-based lenition lenite further, and voiced stops > nasals

Tense

Present tense is unmarked.

Past tense is marked with närä, which (unlike in Amqoli) takes absolutive marking in the place of the main verb.