quoting dhok, Deacon, Norman, United States:

What would happen, climactically, to a planet that had a continent taking up the entire equatorial belt?

I’ve been struggling to determine that myself. Presumably most of the significant differences would be due to ocean and air currents and their interactions with one another, but I think there’s a lot of room for variation depending on the given specifics.

It would definitely depend on the size of the planet and the size of the continental belt. The former would determine how many atmospheric circulation cells there are between the poles and equator and thus also the general direction of air currents at each latitude. The latter together with this would then largely determine the distribution of rainfall. I’m not sure about how temperatures would be affected, but it again presumably would depend on the size of the continental belt and where exactly it cuts into the theoretical “default” ocean current cells (which in turn are determined by the atmospheric cells). For the specific case of Potena Ğazta, I’ve so far gone only as far as a map of currents:


Here the opaque arrows are ocean currents, translucent arrows are air currents, and red lines are continental divides (for determining rain shadows). Theoretically, most of the climate details should be extrapolatable from this and the physical characteristics of the planet (tilt, eccentricity of orbit, etc.), but as to how one would go about doing that... more research is needed.

(Edit: Some obvious results are that the coastal areas warmed by warm ocean currents are warmer than those by cold ocean currents, so that eastern coasts are generally warmer than western coasts along the continental ring. Also, the continent is quite wet along its centreline but gets more arid toward its coasts, as they approach the boundaries of the Hadley cell.)