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Phonology and alphabet

Hard consonants

Cap	Б	В	Д	З	Ѕ	М	П	Р	С	Т	Ф	Ц
Low	б	в	д	з	ѕ	м	п	р	с	т	ф	ц
IPA	b	β	d	z	dz	m	p	r	s	t	ɸ	ts

Soft consonants

Cap	Ж	Ч	Џ	Ш	Щ
Low	ж	ч	џ	ш	щ
IPA	ʒ	tʃ	dʒ	ʃ	ʃtʃ

Variable consonants

Hard sign: Ъ ъ; хъчэм бакан
Soft sign: Ь ь; хъчэм црань

Cap	Г	Ғ	К	Л	Н	Х
Low	г	ғ	к	л	н	х
Hard	g	ɣ	k	l	n	x
Soft	ɟ	ʝ	c	ʎ	ɲ	ç

Vowels

IPA	a	e	ɛ	i	o	u
Hard	А	Е	Э	І	О	У
	а	е	э	і	о	у
Soft	Я	Є	Ӭ	И	Ё	Ю
	я	є	ӭ	и	ё	ю

Diphthongs

/ai au ɛi ɛu iu oi ou ui/

Allophony

• /r/ > [ɾ] after consonant
• /l/ > [ɫ] after /u/ or /o/
• /n/ > [ŋ] before velar

Unstressed vowel reduction (unless in syllable adjacent to stressed syllable):

• /e ɛ i/ > [ɛ]; /ɛu iu/ > [ɛu]
• /a o u/ > [ɔ]; /ai oi ui/ > [ɔi]; /au ou/ > [ɔu]

Phonotactics

Legal opening clusters:

• fric + C
• affr + lq/nsl
• stop + lq/nsl/stop
• nsl + C
• lq + /j/
• fric/stop/nsl + stop + lq

No gemination; voicing must match.
Closing consonants: /m n ɲ r l ʎ/. Cannot mix /ai ɛi oi ui/ with /r l ʎ/

Nouns

Articles and determiners

• Definite: эі-, эім-
• Indefinite: ка-
• Mass: ін-
• Proximal: бро-
• Medial: вда-
• Distal: щен-

Number

• Sg: -∅
• Sg (mkd): -зун
• Plur: -цо

Case

• Nom: -∅
• Acc: -ве
• Dat: -къӭл
• Gen: -юр
• Part: -здінь
• Com: -кя
• Inst: -чу
• Abe: -хом
• Loc: -ці
• Lat: -не
• Abl: -дэн
• Semb: -мо
• Caus: -щэ

Pronouns and adjectives

• 1st: кра
• 2nd: іл
• 3rd: цэу
• Refl: нун (no gender/number)
• Prox: бур
• Med: вел
• Dist: стін
• "Who": шэу
• "What": шін

• Act part: эн
• Pass part: ма

• Comparative: крэ
• Superlative: шку

Verbs

Prefixes

• not: фі-
• want to: каум-
• like to: зді-
• can: пяр-
• must: трэун-
• should: жге-
• might: џла-
• try to: вол-
• be allowed to: цмо-
• know how to: фтур-
• learn how to: тэм-
• prefer to: зӭл-

Suffixes

Subject modifiers

• Recip: -гур
• Dist Pl: -зін

Aspect

• Perf: -ӭ
• Inc: -сам
• Resum: -шу (-ъшу after /l n/)
• Prog: -∅
• Hab: -ір (-ир after vowels)
• Cess: -о
• Paus: -коі

Tense

• Past: -шэ
• Pres: -∅
• Fut: -ал
• Imp: -ка