There are other threads like this out there, but we don't have one here. I've also heard murmuring in #isharia about making a database of sound changes, which probably won't go anywhere in the future, but so long as we're talking about it we may as well have a thread.
Arapaho is probably the most unusual Algonquian language, diachronically. Here are some of the more notable changes from Proto-Algonquian to Arapaho:
*k is deleted, unconditionally, in all environments, leaving no trace.
*p becomes *k to close the resulting gap.
*č and *θ (probably /θ/, but also possibly /ɬ/) merge to *θ. Note that Arapaho keeps *θ and *l separate, which most Algonquian languages don't.
Ojibwe voiced all obstruents except those in clusters (clusters then simplified).
Galician had g -> ħ (gheada).