Diachronics
Boeotian had many points of divergence from Attic. Here is a list:
- No /aː/ > /ɛː/, no movable ν, no weak declension of i-stems, no /ti/ > /si/
- contraction of /aːɔ(ː)/ > /aː/ (rather than /ɔː/), /ae/ > /eː/
- backing of /ra/ > /rɔ/
- lowering of /ri/ > /re/
- raising of prevocalic /e/
- resolution of *čč(ʰ) to /tː/ (rather than /s/)
- assimilation of /zd/ > /dd/ (initial /d/)
- retention of /w/
- /g/ > /j/ after front vowels
- /u/ > /ju/ after coronals
- apocope of prepositions
- nom. -ές/acc. -έ for pl. pronouns
- 3rd. decl. dat. pl. -εσσι
- nom. sg. -ᾱ beside -ᾱς
- gen. sg. of masculine a-stems -ᾱο
- gen. pl. of a-stems -ᾱ́ων (but article τᾶν)
- inf. -μεν (both thematic and athematic)
- 3pl. -νθ- instead of -ντ-
- 3pl. -ᾰν instead of -σᾰν
- imperative 3pl. -νθω, also ἔνθω [ὄντων]
- part. of εἰμί is ἐών (not ὤν)
- perf. act. part. -ων, -οντος
- doubling of aor. -σ- after short vowel
- occasional -ξ- in aorists of -δδω (-ζω) presents
- ἐξ assim. to ἐς before cons., but ἐσς before vowels
- patronymic adjective -ώνδᾱς
- doubling in hypocoristics (nicknames), also hypocoristics in -ει
The most interesting feature of Boeotian is its vowel system. Attic Greek had mid vowels /e ɛː o ɔː/, inherited from PIE, and /eː oː/, arising from later lengthening of /e o/. Boeotian, uniquely, had /e eː ɔ ɔː/, an asymmetrical system that contributed to several of the above changes. Additionally, Attic Greek had /u/ > /y/, but Boeotian did not. However, Boeotian did resolve the diphthongs /aj/ and /ɔj/ to /ɛː/ and /œː/ respectively.
With that in mind, here is a rough list of sound changes from classical Boeotian to Weyötiss:
- /mb/, /nd/, /ŋg/ become /m:/, /n:/, /ŋ:/
- /b/ > /w/.
- /ɡ/ > /ɣ/.
- /ɔ/ is lengthened in open syllables. <!—brugmann—>
- Umlaut of /a/ > /ɛ/, /ɔ/ > /œ/, /u/ > /y/ before /i/ or /j/.
- /s/ assimilates to a following liquid /r l m n/.
- Unstressed vowels are shortened in closed syllables.
- Shift of stress to the last long vowel, or, failing that, the antepenultimate syllable—however, stress only falls on the ultima if it also has high tone.
- /uː/ becomes /um/ before a vowel.
- /s/ > /h/ before a consonant.
- /Clj/ > /Cj/
- /j/ is lost after a consonant.
- /eu/ > /au/ between consonants. /ei/ > /ai/ everywhere.
- Epenthesis of /ɔ/ between a consonant and a following /r/.
- Syncope of many short, unstressed vowels.
- /h/ is lost before consonants.
- /d/ > /s/ > /sʰ/ (chain shift).
- Assimilation of stop clusters, usually to the second element: *kepʰalā́ > *kpʰalā́ > *ppʰalā; kʰtʰṓn > ttʰṓn; pterón > ptrón > ttrón.
- Loss of contrastive length in vowels and consonants.
- Reduction and loss of final unstressed /a/.
Phonology
This produces the following phoneme inventory:
Μ /m/ Ν /n/ Γ /ŋ/
Π /p/ Τ /t/ Κ /k/
Φ /pʰ/ Θ /tʰ/ Ψ /kʰ/
Ϝ /w/ Σ /s/ Η /h/
ΣΗ /sʰ/
Λ /l/ Ρ /r/ Ͱ,I /j/
Ι /i/ Υ̨ /y/ Υ /u/
Ε /e/
Α̨ /ɛ/ Ο̨ /œ/ Ο /ɔ/
Α /a/
Note that Ͱ is not Claudian, but rather an old letter meant as a graphical compromise between Ε and Ι. Note also that Ψ represents /kʰ/ rather than /ps/. Digraphs for /ks/ and /ps/ do not exist. Dipthongs are ΑΙ /ai/, ΑΥ /au/. The ogonek, which functions as an umlaut, is an approximation of a tail-like diacritic which developed from a reduced form of ε.
Even in classical times, the Boeotian alphabet lacked /z/, and therefore lacked Ζ. As a consequence of this, the letter was never borrowed into Latin, and thus was never used in English. Greek loans of course would never have had /z/, but rather /dː/, so we would use e.g.
doölogical or
baptidded. Native words would probably be spelled with ⟨s⟩, as
mase,
rase. A more interesting question is what other languages would do—perhaps German would replace it with ⟨ts⟩, etc. I leave this as an exercise for the reader.
A more interesting problem is, however, Y. The letter was borrowed into Latin because the sound it represented, /y/, was unknown there. But since Υ represents /u/ in classical Boeotian, there would have been no need to borrow the letter, and therefore it would not exist in English or other languages. Again, Greek loans would have had /u/, so
rhuthm,
hupothesis. English final -y would probably be spelled with -ie instead:
happie,
quicklie,
mie. Consonantal Y, on the other hand, competed in Middle English with ȝ (yogh), and so it is likely that yogh would take the place thereof in Modern English:
ȝes,
plaȝ,
ȝellow.
Note also that many Greek-derived words would also be different:
damocrocie (democracy),
mettoderm (mesoderm),
diontology (deontology),
voeconomie (economy),
Artamis (Artemis).