Phonemes
Consonants
Manner | Dental | Alveolar | Lateral | Retroflex | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal
|
---|
Plain Stops | d | dz | | j | g | gw |
|
Ejectives | t' | ts' | tl' | ch' | k' | kw' | ?
|
Aspirates | t | ts | tl | ch | k | kw |
|
Fricatives | | s | lh | sh | x | xw | h
|
Nasals | n | | | | ng | ngw |
|
Glides | | | l | j | | w |
|
Vowels
Short | Long
|
---|
i
|
e | e:
|
a | a:
|
o | o:
|
v | v: |
Verbal Morphology
Verb template:
[{OUT.INC-O.AGR/ASP-IN.INC-ROOT-EVT}-ASP/MD-MD/TNS/A.AGR-TNS/EVD]
[{Stem}=TAME]
Stem:
outer incorporation + situation aspect // O agreement + inner incorporation + root + event/voice
Incorporation:
"Bed" /wón/
"Ram-ship" /kalh/
"Arrow" /gwvl/
"Sea wall" /t'a:kw/
"Cook pot" /yíts'/
Situation aspect:
Intensive: /O-Cá/
Repetitive: /O-CVX/
Distributive: /dé:-O/
Celerative: /kwé:-O/
Retardative: /Cv:-O/
O agreement:
Number | 1st inclusive | 1st exclusive | 2nd | 3rd | Impersonal
|
---|
Singular | w | | sh | d
|
Dual | ngo: | wo: | sho: | do: | vh
|
Plural | ng | wé | shé | dé
|
Event/voice:
Causative-inchoative: /ha/
Syntactic causative: /dó:s/
Neutral passive: /ey/
Active passive: /ik/
Stative passive: /ngwá/
Reflexive: /ts'e/
Involuntary/adversative reflexive: /k/
TAME:
aspect/mood + mood/tense // A agreement + tense/evidentiality
Aspect/mood:
Progressive /tey/
Irrealis /v^dz/
Terminative /o^l/
Optative /e:/
Potential /la/
Mood/tense:
Non-past /n/
Past /e^/
Experiential perfect /ts'a:^g/
Deferential imperative /nich/
Commanding imperative /de^ngw/
Familiar imperative /yv:/
Neutral imperative /o/
A agreement:
Number | 1st inclusive | 1st exclusive | 2nd | 3rd | Impersonal
|
---|
Singular | gi | | no | lhe^
|
Dual | tlo:: | so:: | xo: | yo: | gwa^
|
Plural | ti | sa | xi | ye
|
Tense/evidentiality:
Near visual /ane/
Near auditory /v^kw/
Near other senses /s/
Near reported /et/
Remote direct sense /ta^/
Remote reported /ni/
Remote gnomic /k/