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tense-benefactive-adverbial-voice-ROOT-mood/person

Tense

Perhaps due to the influence of Hathic languages, Hlu has developed a tense system; unusually, two of the tense markers also inflect for peNonrson.

	Past	Immediate future
1	oe-	li-
2	noe-	ni-
3	a- (sg.) / oe- (pl.)	lya-

Non-immediate future is rare, especially in Bor, where it's fossilized to a few verbs. It is formed with infixed <y>.

There are probably pragmatic differences in the tense system between Gejaehl and Bor, but these remain to be elaborated.

Aspects

Egophoricity is expressed fused with aspect. The stative is probably not a true aspect, since it doesn't appear in the Wackernagel aspect slot. (But then what does it do? Derive state verbs from state-change verbs? Can it also form a habitual?)

Stative: ddak(h)-

Imperfective: xwi / 0
Perfective: tu / ??

(tu < *otaɣẽ, xwi < ?? - from "mildly irregular first-person-marked forms of the aspectual copulas")

Benefactive

Two third-person markers, I forget what this is called
1:  hmae(q)-
2: hnyi- (Gejaehl) / hmri- (Bor)
3: hma-
3(2): hmao-gu-

Voice

Causative: bo-

Mood

Jussive: -sao / -sa
Conditional: -khi
Hortative: -hae
Subjunctive takes zero-marking, which can be confusing as person marking is optional

Person

1 -(l)aeq, 2 n-u, 3 -(l)a

Person markers can't coexist with the egophoricity-marking particles tu and xwi, which also mark aspect (imperfective and perfective, respectively); this means that the 1SG only appears in questions and involuntary actions.

In Gejaehl, the 1 and 3 are always -laeq and -la following a vowel; in Bor, -l- only appears following an Old Hlu non-high vowel, and high vowels coalesce to form -yeq or -ya (-weq or -wa following /u/). Since *e *i merge in Bor, it's synchronically unpredictable whether a verb ending in /i/ will conjugate in -i-la or -ya.

There is also a reflexive marker -yi:

qathen khoeyDEF.COLL doenyman.COLL oe-woeny-yiPST-say-REFL
Then the men said to each other...

Pluractionality

Marked with various devices, some of which are from the Proto-Vengic plural subject marker -i. Alternations: (C = any consonant; J = any palatal)
-aC > -oeC
-VK > -VJ; but -iK > -oeJ or -ueJ
-V# > -Vy; but -iK > -oeJ or -ueJ

Some verbs also have irregular pluractional markers, and there are a few old unproductive affixes also used to mark this.

The productive formation is with -sae yuey, i.e. an infinitive + the pluractional form of yi 'do':

yagoewparty tuEGO.PFV phuehlcues-saesmoke_meat-INF hmaeq-oe-yueyBEN.1-PFV-do.PLUR
our party prepared jerky (where phuehlcues is an Amqolic loan and thus doesn't have a native pluractional)