Consonants
| Labial | Dent.-Alv. | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||||
| Stop | Vls | (p) | pp | (t) | tt | (k) | kk | (ʔ)1 | ||||||
| Vd | b | bb | d | (dd)1 | ɡ | (ɡɡ)1 | ||||||||
| Emph | bʷ | bbʷ | ḍ | ḍḍ, ṭṭ | (kʷ) | kkʷ | q, qʷ | qq, qqʷ | ||||||
| Affricate | Vls | ts | tts | (tš)1 | (ttš)1 | |||||||||
| Vd | dz | ddz | (dž)1 | (ddž)1 | ||||||||||
| Fricative | Vls | f | ff | θ, s | θθ | š | šš | x | xx | |||||
| Vd | v | - | z | - | ž | žž | γ | γγ | ||||||
| Emph | ẓ | - | xʷ, γʷ | xxʷ, γγʷ | (ḥ)1, (ʕ)1 | (ḥḥ)1, (ʕʕ)1 | ||||||||
| Nasal | Plain | m | mm | n | nn | |||||||||
| Emph | mʷ | mmʷ | ṇ | ṇṇ | ||||||||||
| Liquid | Plain | l | ll | |||||||||||
| Emph | ḷ | ḷḷ | ||||||||||||
| Tap | Plain | r | rr | |||||||||||
| Emph | ṛ | ṛṛ | ||||||||||||
| Glide | y | - | w | - | ||||||||||
1. Only in loanwords
Vowels
Short/Reduced: ə, ă = [ə, ɐ], +emph: [ɵ, ɑ]
Normal/Full: i, u, e, o, ɛ, ɔ, a = [iˑ, uˑ, eˑ, oˑ, ɛˑ, ɔˑ, aˑ], +emph: [ɪˑ, ʊˑ, eˑ, oˑ, ɜˑ, ɒˑ, ɑˑ]
Long (uncommon): ii, uu, ee, oo, aa = [iː, uː, eː, oː, aː], +emph: [ɪː, ʊː, eː, oː, ɑː]
Diphthongs: ie, ei, ea, oa = [ɪ̯ɛ~ɪː, eɪ̯, eɐ̯, oɐ̯]
Morphophonemic/Phonological Rules
These rules are ordered.
In verbs: /p, t, k, kʷ/ → f, θ, x, xʷ
C[alveolar] → [+emph] /+ˤ
θ̣, ṣ, ṭ, ṭṣ → ẓ, ẓ, ḍ, γ — but not -θ- infix, which remains
i, u → y, w /#__V
y, w → i, u /#__C
gʷ, fʷ → bʷ, γ
l, ḷ → Ø /V[+rd]__# (doesn't apply in some verb forms)
ă, ǝ, a → ɔ, ɔ, o /__{l,ḷ}$
s, ṣ, z, ẓ → š (~ ž) /__C
šθ → št — but only with -θ- infix
lθ → šš
{l,ḷ}C → C: (but not when C=w/y)
r, ṛ → F[+cor] /__F[+cor]__
r, ṛ → l[αemph] /__l[αemph]__
C[+cor] → n /__n [in verbs]
b → w /V__V
b, d, g → [p], [t], [k] /__#
bb, dd, gg, vv, zz, ẓẓ, ss, ṣṣ, yy, ww → pp, tt, kk, bb, ddz, ḍḍ, tts, ḍḍ, žž, bbʷ
ddz → tts /__#
Obs[-long] → [αvoice] /__Obs[αvoice]