Conjugation
Simple intransitive
Non-ablauting
SG PL
1P E-ɨ-mɨ E-ɨ-y-mɨ
1E E-ɨ -ʕ
2P E-ɨ-t E-ɨ-y-t
C1 E-ɨ-0 E-ɨ-y
C2 E-ɨ-s E-ɨ-y-s
C3 E-e-z E-e-y-z
C4 E-e-d E-e-y-d
ʕepɨmɨ ʕepɨymɨ ʕepḿ̥ ʕepím
ʕepɨʕ ʕépʕ̥
ʕepɨt ʕepɨyt ʕeépet ʕépit
ʕepɨ ʕepɨy ʕeép ʕépi
ʕepɨs ʕepɨys ʕeépes ʕépes
ʕepez ʕepeyz ʕepéz ʕepéyz
ʕeped ʕepeyd ʕepéd ʕepéyd
Ablauting
Some verbs show ablaut in the 1, C3, and C4.
SG PL
1P Ɨ-ɨmɨ Ɨ-ɨ-y-mɨ
1E E-ɨ-ʕ
2P E-ɨt E-ɨ-y-t
C1 E-ɨ E-ɨ-y-0
C2 E-ɨs E-ɨ-y-s
C3 Ɨ-ez Ɨ-e-y-z
C4 Ɨ-ed Ɨ-e-y-d
kɨnɨmɨ kɨnɨymɨ kn̥ḿ̥ kn̥ím
kenɨʕ kénʕ̥
kenɨt kenɨyt keénet kénit
kenɨ kenɨy keén kéni
kenɨs kenɨys keénes kénis
kɨnez kɨnɨyz kn̥éz kn̥íz
kɨned kɨnɨyd kn̥éd kn̥íd
Deponent intransitive
As objects are not marked for number, this conjugation is simpler.
1 -ɨr
2 -ɨse
C1 -ɨw
C2 -ew
C3 -r°e
C4 -t°en
Transitive
The object affix is ordered before the subject affix. The thematic vowel of the subject affix is suppressed if the object affix ends in a vowel, or if the object affix ends in a semivowel and the subject is singular.
| 1SG | 1PL | 1EX | 2SG | 2PL | C1S | C1P | C2S | C2P
1 | | | | -ɨr -ɨ-t | -ɨr -ɨ-y-t | -ɨr -ɨ-0 | -ɨr -ɨ-y-0 | -ɨr -ɨ-s | -ɨr -ɨ-y-s
2 | -ɨse -0-mɨ | -ɨse -0-y-mɨ | -ɨse -0-ʕ | | | -ɨse -0-0 | -ɨse -0-y-0 | -ɨse -0-s | -ɨse -0-y-s
C1 | -ɨw -0-mɨ | -ɨw -ɨ-y-mɨ | -ɨw -0-ʕ | -ɨw -0-t | -ɨw -ɨ-y-t | -ɨw -0-0 | -ɨw -ɨ-y-0 | -ɨw -0-s | -ɨw -ɨ-y-s
C2 | -ew -0-mɨ | -ew -ɨ-y-mɨ | -ew -0-ʕ | -ew -0-t | -ew -ɨ-y-t | -ew -0-0 | -ew -ɨ-y-0 | -ew -0-s | -ew -ɨ-y-s
C3 | -rʷe -0-mɨ | -rʷe -0-y-mɨ | -rʷe -0-ʕ | -rʷe -0-t | -rʷe -0-y-t | -rʷe -0-0 | -rʷe -0-y-0 | -rʷe -0-s | -rʷe -0-y-s
C4 | -tʷen-ɨ-mɨ | -tʷen-ɨ-y-mɨ | -tʷen-ɨ-ʕ | -tʷen-ɨ-t | -tʷen-ɨ-y-t | -tʷen-ɨ-0 | -tʷen-ɨ-y-0 | -tʷen-ɨ-s | -tʷen-ɨ-y-s
RE | -ya -0-mɨ | -ya -0-y-mɨ | -ya -0-ʕ | -ya -0-t | -ya -0-y-t | -ya -0-0 | -ya -0-y-0 | -ya -0-s | -ya -0-y-s
An example conjugation,
yeb-:
| 1SG | 1PL | 1EX | 2SG | 2PL | C1S | C1P | C2S | C2P
1 | | | | ibŕ̥ret | ibŕ̥rit | ibŕ̥ | ibŕ̥ri | ibŕ̥res | ibŕ̥res
2 | ibesém | ibeséym | ibeséʕ | | | ibesé | ibeséy | ibesés | ibeséys
C1 | ibúm | ibuwím | yébuʕ | yébut | ibúwit | yébu | ibúwi | yébus | ibúwis
C2 | ibéwm | ibuwím | ibéwʕ | ibéwt | ibéwit | ibéw | ibéwi | ibéws | ibéwis
C3 | ibrʷém | ibrʷéym | ibrʷéʕ | ibrʷét | ibrʷéyt | ibrʷé | ibrʷéy | ibrʷés | ibrʷéys
C4 | ibtunḿ̥ | ibtuním | ibtʷénʕ̥ | ibtʷénet | ibtʷénit | ibtʷén | ibtʷéni | ibtʷénes | ibtʷénis
RE | ibyám | ibyáym | ibyáʕ | ibyát | ibyáyt | ibyá | ibyáy | ibyás | ibyáys
Another example conjugation,
tep-:
| 1SG | 1PL | 1EX | 2SG | 2PL | C1S | C1P | C2S | C2P
1 | | | | tepŕ̥ret | tepŕ̥it | tepŕ̥ | tepŕ̥ri | tepŕ̥res | tepŕ̥ris
2 | tepesém | tepeséym | tepeséʕ | | | tepesé | tepeséy | tepesés | tepeséys
C1 | tepúm | tepuwím | tḗpuʕ | tḗput | tepúwit | tḗpu | tepúwi | tḗpus | tepúwis
C2 | tepéwm | tepuwím | tepéwʕ | tepéwt | tepéwit | tepéw | tepéwi | tepéws | tepéwis
C3 | teprʷém | teprʷéym | teprʷéʕ | teprʷét | teprʷéyt | teprʷé | teprʷéy | teprʷés | teprʷéys
C4 | teptʷn̥ḿ̥ | teptʷn̥ḿ̥ | teptʷénʕ̥ | teptʷénet | teptʷénit | teptʷén | teptʷéni | teptʷénes | teptʷénis
RE | tepyám | tepyáym | tepyáʕ | tepyát | tepyáyt | tepyá | tepyáy | tepyás | tepyáys
TAM
Aspect
There are two basic aspects: perfective and imperfective. The perfective is unmarked; the imperfective is marked with root-initial stress.