~~~
Nominals in Chattaiumas inflect for two numbers (singular and plural) and six cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative and instrumental). Additionally, nouns belong to one of two genders (animate and inanimate), while adjectives inflect for both. There are 3 principle declensions, characterised by their endings, some with sub-declensions characterised by stem ablaut patterns, sometimes also involving the endings.
The First Declension
Nouns of the first declension have two sets of endings - short and long. The short endings are used if the stem ends in a single consonant, and the long endings if the stem ends in two consonants, a diphthong, or a long vowel. The default endings are given below.
| Short endings: | ||||
| Sing. | Plur. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anim. | Inan. | Anim | Inan. | |
| Nom. | -s | -Ø | -as | -ch |
| Voc. | -Ø | -Ø | -as | -ch |
| Acc. | -am | -Ø | -ans | -ch |
| Gen. | -asia | -aham | ||
| Dat. | -ai | -mas | ||
| Ins. | -h | -bis | ||
| Long endings: | ||||
| Sing. | Plur. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anim. | Inan. | Anim | Inan. | |
| Nom. | -as | -Ø | -ás | -ach |
| Voc. | -a | -Ø | -ás | -ach |
| Acc. | -am | -Ø | -ans | -ach |
| Gen. | -asia | -aham | ||
| Dat. | -ai | -amas | ||
| Ins. | -ah | -abis | ||
The default endings are always used for the direct cases, but some ablaut types use ablauted endings in the oblique cases. These are given below.
| Short endings: | ||
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Gen. | -isia | -uham |
| Dat. | -í | -mus |
| Ins. | -h | -bis |
| Long endings: | ||
| Sing. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|
| Gen. | -isia | -uham |
| Dat. | -í | -amus |
| Ins. | -ih | -abis |
The first, and most simple, ablaut type is u in the direct cases and i in the oblique cases. These use the default endings in the oblique cases. An example is 'night' - nom. sing. nuctas, gen. sing. nicvtasia.
The second ablaut type is i or u in the direct cases and a in the oblique cases. A variant of this has a in the direct cases as well, and this is associated with ch. These both use the ablauted endings in the oblique cases, but there are a class of exceptions where the default endings are used in the singular, which is associated with ch, or a variant of the oblique singular endings, -usia, -ui, -(u)h, are used, which is associated with some instances of h. Some examples are 'foot' - nom. sing. puts, gen. sing. patisia; and 'root' - nom. sing. wrachtas, gen. sing. wrachtisia.
The third ablaut type is í or ui in the direct cases, and i in the oblique, or ú or iu in the direct cases, and u in the oblique. A variant of this has ai or au in the direct cases, which is associated with a pre-vocalic ch. This ablaut type is very similar to the second, and shares its relation to the endings.
~~~
TopThe Second Declension
The second declension could be seen as a variant on the first declension, in that the default animate endings of the second declension are almost completely identical to the default long endings of the first declension. This analysis, however, is not useful, as there are numerous differences, such as the neuter direct cases having an ending. There are two subtypes, those that use the default endings, and those that use the ablauted endings. There are no ablaut variations in the second declension.
The endings are given below.
| Default endings: | ||||
| Sing. | Plur. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anim. | Inan. | Anim | Inan. | |
| Nom. | -as | -am | -ás | -ach |
| Voc. | -a | -am | -ás | -ach |
| Acc. | -am | -am | -ans | -ach |
| Gen. | -asia | -áham | ||
| Dat. | -ai | -amas | ||
| Ins. | -ah | -abis | ||
| Ablauted endings: | ||||
| Sing. | Plur. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anim. | Inan. | Anim | Inan. | |
| Nom. | -us | -um | -uas | -ach |
| Voc. | -i | -um | -uas | -ach |
| Acc. | -um | -um | -uns | -ach |
| Gen. | -usia | -uaham | ||
| Dat. | -uai | -umas | ||
| Ins. | -uh | -ubis | ||
Some examples are 'plot of land' - nom. sing. chakras, gen. sing. chakrasia; 'nest' - nom. sing. nistus, gen. sing. nistusia; 'work, labour' - nom. sing. uirkam, gen. sing. uirkasia.
~~~
TopThe Third Declension
Nouns of the third declension fall into two subtypes: those which take endings in i, and those which take endings in u. The ablaut types are the same as the second and third ablaut types of the first declension. The endings are given below.
| I-endings: | ||||
| Sing. | Plur. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anim. | Inan. | Anim | Inan. | |
| Nom. | -is | -i | -aias | -ich |
| Voc. | -i | -i | -aias | -ich |
| Acc. | -im | -i | -ins | -ich |
| Gen. | -isia | -iiaham | ||
| Dat. | -iiai | -imas | ||
| Ins. | -ih | -ibis | ||
| U-endings: | ||||
| Sing. | Plur. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anim. | Inan. | Anim | Inan. | |
| Nom. | -us | -u | -auas | -uch |
| Voc. | -u | -u | -auas | -uch |
| Acc. | -um | -u | -uns | -uch |
| Gen. | -usia | -uuaham | ||
| Dat. | -uuai | -umas | ||
| Ins. | -uh | -ubis | ||
Some examples are 'thought' - nom. sing. mintis, gen. sing. mantisia; 'tree' - nom. sing. turu, gen. sing. tarusia.
~~~
Some fully declined examples:| Type Ia - nuctas | ||||
| Sing. | Plur. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | nuctas | nuctás | ||
| Voc. | nucta | nuctás | ||
| Acc. | nuctam | nuctans | ||
| Gen. | nicvtasia | nicvtaham | ||
| Dat. | nicvtai | nicvtamas | ||
| Ins. | nicvtah | nicvtabis | ||
| Type Ib - puts | ||||
| Sing. | Plur. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | puts | putas | ||
| Voc. | put | putas | ||
| Acc. | putam | putans | ||
| Gen. | patisia | patuham | ||
| Dat. | patí | patmus | ||
| Ins. | path | patbis | ||
~~~
TopAdjectives
Adjectives in Chattaiumas inflect to agree with their head noun in case, number, and gender, according to the declension they belong to. Their inflection is identical to that of nouns.