Nominal stems

Nouns have six principal parts.

The nominative is derived from the 1s principle part. The 1st principal part is derived from long stems with ablaut form I, without palatalization.

The accusative singular and dual are derived from the 2nd principal part. The 2nd principal part is derived from medium stems with ablaut form II, with palatalization.

The accusative plural is derived from the 3rd principal part. The 3rd principal part is derived from medium stems with ablaut form II, without palatalization.

The vocative, dative, and ablative are derived from the 4th principal part. The 4th principal part is derived from medium stems with ablaut form I followed by a reduced filler vowel, with palatalization if the original filler vowel was a front vowel.

The genitive, instrumental, allative, and comitative are derived from the 5th principal part. The 5th principal part is derived from short stems with ablaut form III followed by a reduced filler vowel, with palatalization if the original filler vowel was a front vowel.

The locative is derived from the 6th principal part. The 6th principal part is derived from long stems with ablaut form III followed by a reduced filler vowel, with palatalization if the original filler vowel was a front vowel.

Compounding

Compounding is carried out by placing the modifier noun, in its fourth principal part, before the modified noun, whose form is determined by case, number, and affixes.

Nominal fomat

Root - Diminutive/Augmentative - Possessive - Case/Number

Noun marking for diminutive/augmentative

Diminutive

These have the following principal parts:

cin / ciń / cin / cine / cine / cine
ńè / ńî* / ńè / ńe / ńe / ńe
sid / sidz / sid / side / side / side
ńi / ńî* / ńi / ńi / ńi / ńi
ćie / ćî* / ćie / ćè / ćè / ćè

* In these the accusative singular or dual ending is contracted in, except that in the dual there is a following <e>.

Of these, <ńi>  and <cine> are productive, with which one is preferred depending on the dialect and speaker.

These take the same principal part as would be expected otherwise, except in the nominative and accusative, where they take the fourth principal part.

Augmentative

These have the following principal parts:

gał / gal / gał / gałe / gałe / gałe
go / gœ* / go / ge / ge / ge
vån / våń / vån / våne / våne / våne
vor / voź / vor / vore / vore / vore

* In these the accusative singular or dual ending is contracted in, except that in the dual there is a following <e>.

Of these, <gałe> and <vore> are productive, with which one is preferred depending on the dialect and speaker.

These take the same principal part as would be expected otherwise, except in the nominative and accusative, where they take the fourth principal part.

Noun marking for being possessed

The first form is for the 1st and 3rd principal parts, the second form is for the 2nd principal part (with the case/number ending contracted in), and the third form is for the 4th, 5th, and 6th principal parts respectively.

Accusative plural endings take the plain second form but accusative dual endings take the second form followed by <e>.

1st person

Singular: mè / mê / me, Dual: mia / mî / mie, Plural: mie / mî / mie

2nd person

Singular: gu / gŷ / gu, Dual: gua / gŷ / guo, Plural: guo / gŷ / guo

3rd person

Gender A

Singular: ra / rê / re, Dual: juo / jŷ / jo, Plural: jo / jœ / je

Gender B

Singular: źie / źî / źè, Dual: jå / jœ / je, Plural: ja / jê / je

Gender C

Singular: ru / rŷ / ru, Dual: jie / jî / jè, Plural: jè / jî / je

These take the same principal part as would be expected otherwise, except in the nominative and accusative, where they take the fourth principal part.

Cases

Nominative

Singular: -(n)e, Dual: -(n)å, Plural: -(n)a
Takes the 1s principal part.
The <n> is present if following a vowel.

Accusative

Singular: -(j)i, Dual: -(j)ie, Plural: -(ř)u
Takes the 2nd principal part in the singular and dual, and the 3rd principal part in the plural.
The <j> or <ř> is present if following a vowel, long in the first case..

In some words, when following a vowel, in the singular and dual, the following preceding vowel results in the given ending:

i y u > î ŷ ŷ
e > î
è o > ê œ
a å > ê œ
î ŷ û > î ŷ ŷ
ê œ ô > î ŷ ŷ
ia ya ua ie yø uo > î ŷ ŷ î ŷ ŷ

For the dual there then is a following <e>.

Dative

Singular: -ře, Dual: -dzè, Plural: -do
Takes the 4th principal part.

(Note that the dative case also acts as a benefactive case.)

Genitive

Singular: -łe, Dual: -lè, Plural: -lè
Takes the 5th principal part.

Vocative

Singular: -∅, Dual: -ne, Plural: -de
Takes the 4th principal part.

Instrumental

Singular: -va, Dual: -vå, Plural: -vå
Takes the 5th principal part.

Locative

Singular: -ze, Dual: -sie, Plural: -sè
Takes the 6th principal part.

Allative

Singular: -vå, Dual: -vå, Plural: -vå
Takes the 5th principal part.

Ablative

Singular: -ci, Dual: -cie, Plural, -cu
Takes the 4th principal part.

Comitative

Singular: -ha, Dual: -hå, Plural: -ho
Takes the 5th principal part.