Nonconcatenative Morphology
Anthologica Universe Atlas / Universes / Butani / Kotic / Archaic Kotic / Nonconcatenative Morphology

Kotic has a morphology based on nonconcatenative morphology, which is specifically templatic in nature. Templates take slots for consonants and vowels, which are transformed by the template. Furthermore, subsequent processes take place to transform the word as formed by the template.

The notation for a root shape is a series of C for consonants and V or vowels in order. The notation for a template for a given root shape is a series, in order with respect to the result of the template, of C for a consonant or V for a vowel followed by a number for which consonant or vowel followed by zero or more markers, as detailed below, indicating what transformations take place. Together a set of templates is formed by one or more instance of a root shape followed by > followed by a template, separated by commas and with spaces for extra padding.

The processes by which the consonants in the root can be transformed are:

Palatalization-y
Retroflexion-r
Velarization/uvularization-q
Nasalization-n
Ejectified-e
De-ejectified-d
Spirantization-h
Lengthening-l
Semivocalization-g
Vocalization-v


The processes by which the vowels in the root can be transformed are:

Fronting-f
Backing-b
Shortening-s
Lengthening-l
Semivocalization-w


Elements from roots may be entirely omitted by templates or they may be duplicated by them.

Palatalization takes the form of the following transformation:

/p pʼ b t tʼ d k kʼ ɡ q qʼ/> /p pʼ b tɕ tɕʼ dʑ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ k kʼ/
/ts tsʼ dz tʂ tʂʼ dʐ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ/> /tɕ tɕʼ dʑ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ/
/β ɸ θ ð s z ɬ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ χ h/> /β ɸ θ ð ɕ ʑ ɕ ɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ x ɕ/
/m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/ > /m ɲ ɲ ɲ ɲ/
/r l ʎ/> /r ʎ ʎ/
/w j/No change


The same applies to long consonants.

Retroflexion takes the form of the following transformation:

/p pʼ b t tʼ d k kʼ ɡ q qʼ/> /p pʼ b tʂ tʂʼ dʐ k kʼ g q qʼ/
/ts tsʼ dz tʂ tʂʼ dʐ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ/> /tʂ tʂʼ dʐ tʂ tʂʼ dʐ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ/
/β ɸ θ ð s z ɬ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ χ h/> /β ɸ θ ð ʂ ʐ ʂ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ χ h/
/m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/ > /m ɳ ɳ ɲ ŋ/
/r l ʎ/No change
/w j/No change


The same applies to long consonants.

Nasalization takes the form of the following transformation:

/p pʼ b t tʼ d k kʼ ɡ q qʼ/> /m m m n n n ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ/
/ts tsʼ dz tʂ tʂʼ dʐ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ/> /n n n ɳ ɳ ɳ ɲ ɲ ɲ/
/β ɸ θ ð s z ɬ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ χ h/> /m m n n n n n ɳ ɳ ɲ ɲ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ/
/m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/ > /m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/
/r l ʎ/> /n n ɲ/
/w j/> /m ɲ/


The same applies to long consonants.

Velarization/uvularization takes the form of the following transformation:

/p pʼ b t tʼ d k kʼ ɡ/> /p pʼ b k kʼ ɡ q qʼ q/
/ts tsʼ dz tʂ tʂʼ dʐ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ/> /k kʼ ɡ k kʼ ɡ k kʼ ɡ/
/β ɸ θ ð s z ɬ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ/> /β ɸ x ɣ x ɣ x x ɣ x ɣ χ χ/
/m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/ > /m ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ/
/r l ʎ/No change
/w j/No change


The same applies to long consonants.

Spirantization takes the form of the following transformation:

/p pʼ b t tʼ d k kʼ ɡ q qʼ/> /ɸ ɸ β θ θ ð x x ɣ χ χ/
/ts tsʼ dz tʂ tʂʼ dʐ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ/> /s s z ʂ ʂ ʐ ɕ ɕ ʑ/
/β ɸ θ ð s z ɬ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ χ h/No change
/m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/No change
/r l ʎ/No change
/w j/No change


This does not apply to long consonants.

Ejectification of a consonant takes the following transformation:

/p pʼ b t tʼ d k kʼ ɡ q qʼ/> /pʼ pʼ b tʼ tʼ d kʼ kʼ ɡ qʼ qʼ/
/ts tsʼ dz tʂ tʂʼ dʐ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ/> /tsʼ tsʼ dz tʂʼ tʂʼ dʐ tɕʼ tɕʼ dʑ/
/β ɸ θ ð s z ɬ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ χ h/No change
/m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/No change
/r l ʎ/No change
/w j/No change

Lengthening, of both consonants and vowels, is simply conversion of all to their long counterparts.

Semivocalization of a consonant takes the following transformation:

/p pʼ b t tʼ d k kʼ ɡ q qʼ/> /w w w j j j w w w w w/
/ts tsʼ dz tʂ tʂʼ dʐ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ/> /j j j j j j j j j/
/β ɸ θ ð s z ɬ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ χ h/> /w w j j j j j j j j j w w w w/
/m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/> /w j j j w/
/r l ʎ/> /j j j/
/w j/> /w j/


This does not apply to long consonants.

Vocalization takes the form of the following transformation:

/p pʼ b t tʼ d k kʼ ɡ q qʼ/> /u u u i i i u u u u u/
/ts tsʼ dz tʂ tʂʼ dʐ tɕ tɕʼ dʑ/> /i i i i i i i i i/
/β ɸ θ ð s z ɬ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ χ h/> /u u i i i i i i i i i u u u u/
/m n ɳ ɲ ŋ/> /u i i i u/
/r l ʎ/> /i i i/
/w j/> /u i/


Fronting takes the form of the following transformation:

/i u/> /i i/
/e o/> /e e/
/ɛ ɔ/> /ɛ ɛ/
/æ ɒ/> /æ æ/


Backing takes the form of the following transformation:

/i u/> /u u/
/e o/> /o o/
/ɛ ɔ/> /ɔ ɔ/
/æ ɒ/> /ɒ ɒ/


Shortening is simply the conversion of all vowels to their short counterparts.

Semivocalization takes the form of the following transformation:

/i u/> /j w/
/e o/> /j w/
/ɛ ɔ/> /j w/
/æ ɒ/> /j w/