Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Pannonian (PIE - 300 BC)

Extended Sievers' Law

Resonants develop an epenthetic vowel when following a cluster.
- *dʰǵʰmé- > *dʰǵʰ(m̥)mé-

Northern European declension law

Declensional *-bʰ- becomes -m-.

Syllabic resonant loss

R̥ R̥¹R¹ > əR
R̥H > əRHə(+stress)
ə > u / W_ _W
ə > u / K(')_m m_K(')
ə > a / final syllables
ə > e
- *ǵr̥h₂nóm > *ǵrəh₂nóm > *ǵreh₂nóm ( > *ǵrānám)
- *ǵʰm̥mé- > *ǵʰəmé- > *ǵʰumé-

Boukolos rule

Labiovelars delabialize adjacent to /u w/.

RUKI rule

s > š / [i y u w r K K']_
- -is > -iš

Eimi rule

s > z / V_C[+voice] C[+voice]_V
Vz > V:
z > ɾ

Laryngeal laws

Sanskrit laryngeal law

T > Tʰ / _H

Triple reflex

0 > e / (# C)H_(# C)

Standard coloring law

h₁e h₂e h₃e eh₁ eh₂ eh₃ > h₁e h₂a h₃o eh₁ ah₂ ah₃

Pannonian h1 reflex

h₁ > h / #_

Laryngeal merger

h₁ h₂ h₃ > H (let's say it's a glottal stop)

Vowel lengthening

VH > V:H

Schwa assimilation

ə assimilates entirely to a following vowel.

N flapping

n > ~ɾ / V_V
n > ɾ / C[peripheral]_

Glottal pitch accent

H > ˀ / V[+stress](R)_

Tocharian affrication

d > dz

Pseudo-Phrygian shift

P B Bʰ > P P B

Thorn cluster rule

tK(') > š

Satemization

K' > K / _s
ḱ ǵ > č ǯ
s > 0 / č_ ǯ_

Nasal loss

m > ~ / _# _C[-lab]
m > ~w / V[+back]_V[+back]
n > ~ / _C[-plosive]C

TT rule

*-tt- > -ss-

Intervocalic glide loss

[pre]  ya ye yo wa we wo
a āi āi ēu āu ōi āu
e ēi ēi ēu ēu ēu ēu
o ōi ōi ēu āu ōi āu[/pre]
Circumflex pitch! eyé > aí, éye > âi

W loss

tw dw > tsw
yw > wy
Cw > CC / !#_

Not Kluge's law

rm > nn
N > R¹ / R¹_

First vowel merger

e[-stress][+nasal] > a
e[-stress] > a / _y _w
e[-stress] > i
ye wo > i u (incl. long)
o[-nasal] > a
o[+nasal] > u

Beginning of aspirate development

sP > Ph (overlaps with Roman period, so some loans with Latin sP get borrowed with Ph)
tsw > sp (in some words, but not regular)

First vowel shift

i > e / r_ _r
é > yə
y > ʲ / C_
Ci(:) > Cʲi(:)
Kʲ > Ḱ > Č
Kʷʲ > K
tsʲ hʲ > ś
h > 0
tswʲ > spʲ > pʰʲ
rʲ Čʲ > r Č

Proto-Pannonian to end of Roman period (300 BC - 500 AD)

Syncope

i u > 0 / VC_[-stress]CV
- also sometimes word-initially, esp if #VSC
- Latin ex- may be borrowed as ks- or s- in addition to iks-
- some exceptions for affricates
- [e] allophone of /i/ isn't affected by syncope

y > : / C[+pal]_

Nasal loss

VnʲF > ṼjF
VNF > ṼF

Thorn cluster resolution

'Thorn clusters' become /h/ or /G/ depending on voicing.

S loss

ns nts > ŋ ŋk
sr rs > š rš
sp st sč sk > ph th čh kh
s > x
x > 0 / _#

Other consonant changes

(t)sw > f
ts > s
ǯ > ž / !n_, but ǯǯ > ǯǯ
yy > ǯ
nm nʲmʲ > n nʲ
w > b / m_

The inventory at this point is:

/a ə i u ā ē ō ī ū ai au ei eu oi ou/ + nasals
/p b pʲ bʲ t d tʲ dʲ ts č ǯ k g/ + aspirates
/s sʲ š x/
/m mʲ n nʲ/
/w wʲ l lʲ r/

Old Pannonian to Middle Pannonian (500 AD - 1500 AD)

R-cluster loss

tr dr > ts z
k(ʷ)r > kʰ(ʷ)
m > b / _r
P[-voice]r P[+voice]r > Pʰ P[+voice]
Fr > F(:)
rr > gɭ
Pl Bl > kl gl

Labiopalatal loss

wʲ > y / #_
wʲ > wy

Short diphthong loss

ai au əi əu > ɛy ɔw ey ow / _V
ai au əi əu > ɛː ɔː eː oː

Umlaut

a ə > ɛ o / _$i(:)
a ə > ɔ o / _$u(:)

Other vowel changes

ɛ ɛ: > e e:i / _ŋ _g
ɛ ɛ: > a e:u / _Cʷ
a > ɔ / _ŋ _g _l m_ Cʷ_ _Cʷ
ə > u / Cʷ_ _Cʷ
- *h₃éngʷn̥ > áŋgʷan > ɔ́ŋgʷun 'butter'
- *stóygʰos > tʰáiga > tʰɛːga > tʰé:iga

Aspirate loss

Pʰ > F

Schwa umlaut

ə...a > a...a

Loss of length in diphthongs

Diphthongs lose contrastive length.

Loss of labiovelars

x > h / #_
C

r split

wr > ɣ
other r sometimes > ɣ; TODO. after /i:/, certainly
r > ɭ
a > ɔ / _ɭ
a~ u~ > ɒ

Open syllable lengthening?

—- Middle Pannonian period is about here —-
Inventory:
/a ɛ ɔ e ə o i u/
/a: ɛ: ɔ: e: o: i: u:/
/ai au ei eu oi ou ui iu/

ei ou > əi əu
u: > ou / _C[+back]
i: u: > ei iu
e: o: > iə uə
ɛ: ɔ: > æi ɒu
ai au > æ: ɒ:
əi əu > ai au
e > i / _G _Z _N (voiced velars, fricatives, and nasals)
ɛ ɔ > e o

/a e ə o i u/
/a: æ: ɒ:/
/ai æi ei əi oi ui/
/au ɒu eu əu ou iu/
/iə uə/

oi eu > ui iu
əi əu > oi eu
a: > ɒ:
a > ɒ / _$V[+back]
a > æ
o > ɵ / everywhere except around labials or /g N ɭ/
u > y / _T _C (in front of a coronal or palatal)

/a e ə o i (y) u/
/æ: ɒ:/
/ai æi ei oi ui/
/au ɒu eu ou iu/
/iə uə/

æ: ɒ: > eə oə / _$a _$ə
iə uə > i u / C[-voice]
iə uə > eə oə
æ: ɒ: > ɛ ɔ

/a ɛ ɔ e ə o i (y) u/
/ai æi ei oi ui/
/au ɒu eu ou iu/
/eə oə/

ai au > ɒi æu
eu > əu

/a ɛ ɔ e ə o i (y) u/
/ɒi æi ei oi ui/
/æu ɒu əu ou iu/
/eə oə/

ui > oi
jo > jəu > əu (realized as front rounded vowel)

(maybe switch the outcomes of E: O: and e: o:?)

NP voicing

MP > MB / !_#

dj loss

dʲ > d / _$j
dʲ > j
- *dyḗws > *dʲēu > *dʲɛjə > *dɛjə
- *dyéwn̥s > *dʲáwəŋ > *jáwəŋ

Syncope

Vowel loss word-finally (except -ɔ < long a) and in VC_CV (only within roots, mostly! - not inflections) and VC_t#.
If the preceding vowel is stressed, it takes low tone.
If the dropped vowel is stressed, the preceding vowel takes low tone.
VC_CV syncope takes priority over final syncope.
This doesn't apply to long vowels.
/j@ v@/ are treated as vowels, but instead of dropping, they become /i u/.

Cluster reduction

kt > kk (some other cluster reduction here - maybe Pt > PP)
VPR > VˀR - except /kl gl/ or word-initially (where schwa epenthesis applies - also FR)
palatalization of peripheral consonants is lost except before a vowel, where it becomes j
final -Ra > -@R after a consonant (via -@Ra)

word-initial unstressed vowels are lost, and resulting cross-word clusters are broken up by epenthetic schwa - between the consonants unless it's just a long consonant or an epenthetic NP cluster

#ŋ > #n
Unstressed vowels are mostly neutralized to a binary high/low contrast.

Low tone > glottalization, but only in disyllables.

a low-tone syllable preceded by an unstressed syllable shifts stress backwards, then all the tones merge.

unstressed pretonic schwa takes on the character of the following vowel if any
lj > j

word-final vowels are lost unless there's a big cluster. preceding stressed vowels are lengthened