11. di=ṣîn-Ø ma xán ma-mbó-w-i
the.PL=person-ABS PART all PERF-shout-EPENTH-PAST
"Di ṣîn ma xán mambówi."
"All of the people shouted."

Here we are introduced to our first case marker, the partitive ma. It is enclitic and has no accent of its own; like all postpositional phrases modifying nouns, it comes before its head. As we'll see, if in place of ṣîn there were an inanimate noun, the construct state would be required instead. (More on that later). xán "all" is a quantifier and always takes a partitive modifier; it is not considered to have gender, either. Despite this, it may act as the subject of a transitive sentence, which normally must be ergative, but only if its partitive modifier is animate, too. In other words, the verb jumps to the adpositional modifier of xán to decide whether or not the phrase headed by xán can act as an ergative, and if so, how to agree with it.

Also note that the plural version of the definite article, di, has been introduced.

mbó "to shout" is another contract verb, here in the past perfective.

12. di=ṣîn ma dóq ma-mbó-w-i.
the=person-ABS PART some PERF-shout-EPENTH-PAST
"Di ṣîn ma dóq mambówi."
"Some of the people shouted."

This sentence is identical to 11), except that the quantifier has been changed. The syntax works the same way.

A corollary of this formation is that CQ does not make a distinction between "many people shouted" and "many of the people shouted".

13. di=ṣîn ma jây móńaq ma-mbó-w-i.
the=person-ABS PART many two-EPENTH-ADV PERF-shout-EPENTH-PAST
"Di ṣîn ma jây monáyaq mambówi."
"Many of the people shouted twice."

Again, the same construction used for the quantifiers xán and dóq is also used for jây. More interesting is the adverbial monáyaq, formed from the numeral món "two" along with the suffix -yaq. In the case of móńaq, the combination n+y has been reduced to ń; but this is not always the case. This will be elaborated on when we start working with cardinal numbers as well.

14. di=woł-a-mæ̂næ-q ṣîn pólh mbó.
the=be.happy-EPENTH-UNACC.PARTCPL.ANIM-PL person often shout
"Di wołamæ̂næq ṣîn pólh mbó."
"Happy people often shout."

CQ, like the Romance languages but unlike English, uses the definite article clitic when making generalizations.

wôł is a stative verb, like nćú. Its participial ending now takes the plural ending -q instead of the singular -t to agree with its head. (Nouns themselves do not mark plural forms; that's for their dependents to do.)

pólh "often" is really pôlh; here CQ's only rule of true tone sandhi applies: if two words are situated such that two falling tones would be immediately adjacent, the second falling tone must switch to rising.

15. i=pá-pay-Ø sáŋ-u ḍe-ḍîk-i.
the=cat-cat-ABS above-ADV PERF-jump-PAST
"I pápay sáŋu ḍeḍîki."
"The kitten jumped up."

Full reduplication of a word without any coda consonants can be used to form diminutives, such as pápay "kitten" from páy "cat".

sáŋu "upwards" is an adverbial derivation of the locative postposition saŋ "onto a place above".

16. i-pá-pay-Ø ya=ndæq-án saŋ ḍe-ḍîk-i
the=cat-cat-ABS the=table-ABS onto PERF-jump-PAST
"I pápay ya ndæqán saŋ ḍeḍîki."
"The kitten jumped onto the table."

Lots of stuff going on here.

Firstly, ndǽq is the first inanimate noun we've dealt with so far. Inanimates work differently from animates in a couple of ways:

-Their definite article is different, being ya=. (CQ doesn't mark number in inanimates, so there's no plural version). Unlike the animate definite article, ya= is allowed to take the accent.

-We haven't seen any construct-state nouns yet, though we'll see some soon. While animates are default-marked for the absolute state and specially-marked for the construct, in inanimates the opposite applies: the construct is the default state and the absolute takes an inflection. Here, ndǽq is in the absolute state (several postpositions/case markers trigger construct state of inanimates, but saŋ isn't one of them). The absolute-case marker in inanimates is -an; in inanimates which end in a vowel this ending is -yan.

Some inanimates never take the absolute inflection and only have construct forms. Since the construct is used in many possessive constructions, it's thought that these are nouns which were at one point considered obligatorily possessed. (This is reinforced by the fact that, e.g., words for body parts are always found in the construct; ník "arm" is never *níkan.)

saŋ is an enclitic lative postposition meaning, roughly, "onto the top of." I'll explain the locative and lative prepositional system later; for now note that it is included as a syllable in the noun it governs for the purposes of accent placement; thus ya=ndæq-án saŋ, not ya=ndǽq-an saŋ.

17. i=ni-śaŋ-a-mænæ̂-t-i ni-pá-pay-i me-mpéḍ-i.
the=1S-be.small-NONPAST-EPENTH-UNACC.PARTCPL.ANIM-SG 1S-cat-cat-CONST PERF-walk.away-PAST
"I niśaŋamænæ̂ti nipápayi mempéḍi."
"My little kitten walked away."

Here we are introduced to possessive prefixes. These appear not only on their head nouns but also on their adjectival modifiers. Here's a table:

	Singular	Plural
1st exclusive	ni-	ńo-
1st inclusive	———	ńaka-
2nd	gi-	ka-
3rd	a-	ye-

Possessive prefixes also cause alterations to the accent placement. Essentially, they want to pull the accent towards them (to the right/earlier in the word), but their reach is limited. The accent will only move one space to the right, and then only if as a result it would land either on the prefix itself or on the syllable just after the prefix. Thus, pa-páy-i "kitten (construct)" becomes ni-pá-pay-i "my kitten," but the accent on śaŋ-a-mænæ̂-t-i "small (animate singular) (construct)" is three syllables away from the prefix slot, and does not move.

Possessive prefixes cause the noun or adjective they're in to move to the construct state; since pápay "kitten" is animate, it takes the (marked!) animate construct suffix -i (-ye after vowels). We can see further that adjectives (and participles acting as such) also agree in state with their heads.

Finally, note that a possessive prefix appearing on a noun does not rule out its acquiring a definite article. The definite article is not obligatory, and its absence indicates that the item is not the only one belonging to the possessor. Its appearance in this sentence indicates that I have only one kitten; if it had been left out the implication would be that I own at least two. (This is not the only way of indicating "one of my..." or "some of my...", which could also be expressed with a numeral/quantifier and a phrase with ma, as found in sentences 11, 12 and 13. But it is the most common way).

The TAM of the verb form should not present any great difficulties; but we are now dealing with verbs of motion, which require a bit of elaboration. Classical Quazian splits its verbs of motions according to whether they are away from or towards the point in question, by whether they are by foot or vehicle*, and by whether a return trip is implied. A chart is shown below. (Note the infixes used in the verbs for vehicles).

	By foot	By vehicle
Approaching	náh-	nímah-
Leaving	mpéḍ-	mpímeḍ-
Approaching (and returning)	gǽ̂x-	gîmæx-
Leaving (and returning)	ṣér-	ṣímer-

There are other verbs of motion, but these are the basic ones. There's no need in CQ to use anything more specific than "went by foot away from a place" for this sentence.

*Classical Quazia was technologically similar to Mediterranean or Middle Eastern antiquity, and no motor vehicles aside from toy curiosities were ever produced. The Quazians also had no horses, though they did have the mbâw, a domesticated bison which was used as a draft animal. Here, "by vehicle" essentially means by cart or boat.

18. jænj-é-mæn qûw-a.
to.rain-NONPAST-UNACT.PARTCPL.INANIM progress.AUX-NONPAST
"Jænjémæn qûwa."
"It's raining."

Verbs of weather and state, which are nearly all stative verbs, require no explicit subjects (insofar as they have any for the purposes of agreement, these are inanimate). Note also the use of the progressive auxiliary (a simple jǽnje is a state about climate, not weather- ie "it rains a lot in Norway.")

19. ya=jáń-an kát-u náh-i.
the=rain.ABS down-ADV approach-PAST
"Ya jáńan kâtu náhi."
"The rain came down."

jáń is related to the verbal root jǽnj-, although by the time Classical Quazian is attested these processes are quite opaque.

kátu is an adverbial form of the preposition kat "down(wards)".

Although most simple pasts have so far been translated as past perfectives, the English here is virtually synonymous with "the rain was coming down"- ie it's unmarked for aspect but is more imperfective. We'll translate it as imperfective.

20. i=pá-pay ya=jań-án lhek ḍǽnk-e.
the=cat-cat the=rain-CONSTR in play-NONPAST
"I pápay ya jańán lhek ḍǽnke."
"The kitten is playing in the rain."

Note that the accent on jańán is on its last syllable. That's because, like all postpositions, lhek "in, inside" is enclitic and counts as a syllable for the noun's accent placement.

No progressive auxiliary used here. It's essentially only used when there's a define semantic split between the standard imperfective aspect and the progressive peraphrastic. There's such a split for jǽnj- "it rains (a lot, a little)" in reference to the climate vs. "it is raining" (right now)- but not for dǽnk.