Modern Punic Dictionary
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Word of the Day: nun
nm. saltwater fish
tomorrow
xʷen
Verb roots, which normally consist of two to three consonants and usually a thematic vowel between C2 and C3, are listed with capitalized consonants and lower-case vowel(s). Roots are not specified for stem/conjugation class; each individual stem and meaning is given a separate dictionary entry (except for verbs which only have one stem class, in which case the verb is listed under its inflected form and its root is not listed separately). Inflected verbs are cited in their 3rd person masculine singular conjugation, in the Imperfect and Present tenses respectively, separated by hyphens. For example, the verb root meaning "pick up, pluck out," which has a theme vowel of -ă-/-o- in the Imperfect, is listed as QḌoF, while its G-Stem (meaning specifically "pick up") is listed under qḍof - iqḍəf.

Information given in the "Attestation" line is historically accurate to the best of my knowledge, and contains the spelling of the word in transliterated Phoenician script, as well as, when applicable, the word written in Latin or Greek characters between <angled brackets>. The Attestation line also gives a reconstructed form for the word at the latest period of attested Punic. This sometimes results in reconstructions that don't closely resemble the actual attested form. For example, the word for "gold" is attested in both Phoenician and Punic writings as 𐤇𐤓𐤑 ḥrṣ, is paralleled by Hebrew ḥārūṣ, descends from Proto-Semitic *xarūṣ-, and was loaned into early Greek as χρῦσός (Mycenaean <ku-ru-so>). At the time it was loaned into Greek, the initial pharyngeal fricative was clearly still pronounced (*ḥarūṭṣ); however, later Punic is known to have lost all pharyngeals/glottals, and so the reconstructed Punic form given in the dictionary entry is "*ăruṭṣ." (Attestations in Latin/Greek characters and Late Punic reconstructions are omitted from verb entries.)

For the developments leading from various levels of proto-language to attested Phoenician-Punic, and from Phoenician-Punic to Modern Punic, see the Diachronics article. Proto-Semitic and other protoforms are transcribed in traditional Semiticist notation, rather than IPA or similar notation. Thus, <*š> represents */s/, and other "fricative" symbols represent afficates: <*ṯ, *ḏ, *ṯ̣> = */tθ, dð, tθ’/, <*s, *z, *ṣ> = */ts, dz, ts’/, <*ś, *ṣ́> = */tɬ, tɬ’/. As seen, "emphatics" (probably ejectives) are represented with underdots, including <*ḳ, *ṭ> = */k’, t’/; however, <*ḥ> represents */ħ/. */j/ is spelled <*y> and long vowels are spelled with a macron. Other symbols match their IPA usage.

In the dictionary, a number of reconstructed forms are ascribed to "Proto-Ugarito-Canaanite," but this should not be taken to imply the existence of a separate proto-language that led just to Ugaritic and the Canaanite languages but not to Aramaic; rather, it simply marks words that are only attested in Ugaritic and Canaanite (there are quite a few such words). If there was indeed no intermediate Proto-Ugarito-Canaanite language, such forms can be read as "either a Proto-Northwest Semitic term that was lost in Aramaic, or a term that was innovated in either Canaanite or Ugaritic after they separated and spread to the sister language through diffusion."

Finally, for all entries in which the term has a known Biblical or Rabbinical Hebrew cognate, this has been provided. The Hebrew is transcribed fairly traditionally, based on the Masoretic tradition, and probably represents the pronunciation in the early post-exilic period fairly well, with a few exceptions. (Note that the postvocalic fricative variants of /p t k b d g/ are not indicated.)

ABBREVIATIONS:
Ar. = Arabic
Ber. = Berber
Gk. = Greek
Heb. = Hebrew
Lat. = Latin
LbAr. = Libyan Arabic
MghAr. = Maghrebi Arabic
TnAr. = Tunisian Arabic
Ug. = Ugaritic

√BDoØ root. invent/conclude/plan
√BDvL root. separate
√BLeØ root. worn/faded
√BLoL root. mingle
√BLoØ root. eat
√BNoØ root. do
√BQvṚ root. examine
√BRoØ root. create
√BṚoQ root. shine/gleam
√BRoX root. bless
√BSeL root. boil
√BʷoB root. be with; assist
√BʷoN root. perceive
√BʷoR root. guest/friend
√BʷoZ root. pierce; intersect
√BYoL root. take possession
√BYoS root. stink/putrid
√BϴoR root. divide
√ḌBeQ root. same place/together
√DBvR root. speak
√DLeØ root. contain/have
√DMoM root. silent
√DMoØ root. resemble
√DoN root. judge
√GBeØ root. high; tall
√GDeL root. expansive
√GDvM root. chop off
√GLoØ root. profane; pollute; exile
√GMoR root. end
√GNvB root. deceive
√GNvN root. cover; poultice
√GRoS root. drive away
√GZoR root. destroy
√GZoZ root. shear
ïBoD root. perish
ïBoL root. labor
ïBoS root. tie on
ïDeR root. big
√ØḌoB root. gather firewood
ïDoL root. stop
ïDvS root. new
ïGoR root. test; hire
√ØƔeF root. rude
ïKeM root. wise
ïKoL root. nibble/sip
ïLeS root. sad
ïLoM root. dream
ïLoM (2) root. insult
√ØḶoQ root. contribute
ïLvF root. replace
ïLvL root. praise
√ØMeƔ root. freeze
ïMeM root. hot
ïMoD root. desire
ïMoR root. ferment
ïMvN root. think
√ØṆvQ root. strangle
√ØPeƔ root. take pleasure
ïPoX root. undo; change
ïPvR root. explore/investigate
ïReD root. horrified
ïReX root. old
√ØRoBʷ root. about to
ïRoS root. request
√ØRoŠ root. press
ïRvG root. kill
ïSeM root. sorry
√ØŠeR root. want
ïSeX root. dark/black
ïSoB root. account
√ØŠvF root. gather (intr)
√ØWvØ root. live
ïYvB root. pine for; love
√ØẒeQ root. great
√ØZoØ root. see
√ŠKoR root. remember
√ZBoØ root. sacrifice
√ŽBvL root. raise
√ZMoR root. sing
√ZNoN root. provision
√ZRvØ root. acquaint with
ăb nm. father
ádǝr nf. grave
adum adj. red
ăf nm. face
afoar nm. body hair
ăkkăb nm. spider
aleθ prep. on top of; right above
ălloθ nf. loaf of bread
alloθ nf. foreskin
ăllun nm. tree
am nm. husband's father; grandfather
amduθ nm. beauty, loveliness, hotness
ámǝs numm. five (M)
ămm - imʷəmʷ vG. be hot
ammieγ adj. frozen, congealed; ice cream
ămmoθ nf. foot (unit of measure)
annăfθ nf. hare
aqṛob nm. scorpion
aqʷəb nm. foot (body part)

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